|
Movement Of Democratic Forces Of Casamance
The Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance (; MFDC) is the main separatism, separatist movement in the Casamance region of Senegal, founded in 1982. It was supported by Guinea-Bissau President of Guinea-Bissau, President João Bernardo Vieira until he was overthrown in 1999. It relies mainly on the Jola people. Its armed wing was formed in 1985 and is called Atika (Jola languages, Diola for "the combatant"). Its leader was Priesthood (Catholic Church), Father Augustin Diamacoune Senghor, who died on 13 January 2007. Senghor signed a peace agreement with the government of President of Senegal, Senegalese President Abdoulaye Wade in 2004. However, several factions of the MFDC refused to participate in the peace deal and continued their fighting. This division has deeply divided Casamance's independence movement. History The movement was rumored to have involved itself militarily in the 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis and the subsequent ECOWAS military interventio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Casamance Conflict
The Casamance conflict is an ongoing low-level conflict that has been waged between the Politics of Senegal, Government of Senegal and the Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance (MFDC) since 1982. On May 1, 2014, the leader of the MFDC Suing for peace, sued for peace and declared a unilateral ceasefire. The MFDC has called for the independence of the Casamance region, whose population is religiously and ethnically distinct from the rest of Senegal. The bloodiest years of the conflict were during the 1992–2001 period and resulted in over a thousand battle related deaths. On December 30, 2004, an agreement was reached between the MFDC and the government which promised to provide the voluntary integration of MFDC fighters into the country's paramilitary forces, economic recovery programmes for Casamance, de-mining and aid to returning refugees. Nevertheless, some hard-line factions of the MFDC soon defected from elements of the MFDC who had signed the agreement and no negotiati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jola Languages
Jola (Joola) or Diola is a dialect continuum spoken in Senegal, the Gambia, and Guinea-Bissau. It belongs to the Bak branch of the Niger–Congo language family. Name The name ''Jola'' is an exonym, and may be from the Mandinka word ''joolaa'' 'one who pays back'.Wilson, William André Auquier. 2007. ''Guinea Languages of the Atlantic group: description and internal classification''. (Schriften zur Afrikanistik, 12.) Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. There is no widespread endonym used by all of the Jola speakers. Languages The primary branches of Jola proper and to some extent Central Jola are not mutually intelligible. The main varieties are: * Bayot *Jola proper ** Kwatay (Kuwaataay), spoken along the coast south of the Casamance River. ** Karon–Mlomp *** Karon, spoken along the coast of Casamance south of Diouloulou. *** Mlomp **Central Jola *** Jola-Fonyi (Kujamatay), spoken around Bignona. The official standard. *** Bandial, spoken in a small area south of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Separatism In Senegal
Separatism is the advocacy of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, regional, governmental, or gender separation from the larger group. As with secession, separatism conventionally refers to full political separation. Groups simply seeking greater autonomy are usually not considered separatists. Some discourse settings equate separatism with religious segregation, racial segregation, or sex segregation, while other discourse settings take the broader view that separation by choice may serve useful purposes and is not the same as government-enforced segregation. There is some academic debate about this definition, and in particular how it relates to secessionism, as has been discussed online. Separatist groups practice a form of identity politics, or political activity and theorizing founded in the shared experiences of the group's members. Such groups believe attempts at integration with dominant groups compromise their identity and ability to pursue greater self-determina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rebel Militia Groups In Africa
A rebel is a participant in a rebellion. Rebel or rebels may also refer to: People * Rebel (given name) * Rebel (surname) * Patriot (American Revolution), during the American Revolution * American Southerners, as a form of self-identification; see Southern United States * DJ Rebel (born 1984), or simply Rebel, Belgian DJ * Johnny Reb, or Johnny Rebel, the national personification of the Southern states of the United States * In professional wrestling: **Rebel (wrestler), American professional wrestler ** Rockin' Rebel, American professional wrestler ** The Rebel, a nickname for American professional wrestler Dick Slater Organizations and brands * Rebel (company), a sport equipment retailer in Australia and New Zealand * Rebel (entertainment complex), an entertainment complex in Toronto, Ontario, Canada * Rebel (Denmark), a Danish youth organization * Murphy Rebel, an airplane model by Murphy Aircraft * REBEL (chess), a chess program * Rebel (train), a type of train * Reaching ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guerrilla Organizations
Guerrilla warfare is a form of unconventional warfare in which small groups of irregular military, such as rebels, partisans, paramilitary personnel or armed civilians, which may include recruited children, use ambushes, sabotage, terrorism, raids, petty warfare or hit-and-run tactics in a rebellion, in a violent conflict, in a war or in a civil war to fight against regular military, police or rival insurgent forces. Although the term "guerrilla warfare" was coined in the context of the Peninsular War in the 19th century, the tactical methods of guerrilla warfare have long been in use. In the 6th century BC, Sun Tzu proposed the use of guerrilla-style tactics in ''The Art of War''. The 3rd century BC Roman general Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus is also credited with inventing many of the tactics of guerrilla warfare through what is today called the Fabian strategy, and in China Peng Yue is also often regarded as the inventor of guerrilla warfare. Guerrilla warfare has ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Greenwood Publishing Group
Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. (GPG) was an educational and academic publisher (middle school through university level) which was part of ABC-Clio. Since 2021, ABC-Clio and its suite of imprints, including GPG, are collectively imprints of British publishing house Bloomsbury Publishing. The Greenwood name stopped being used for new books in 2023. Established in 1967 as Greenwood Press, Inc., and based in Westport, Connecticut, GPG published reference works under its Greenwood Press imprint; and scholarly, professional, and general-interest books under its related imprint, Praeger Publishers (). Also part of GPG was Libraries Unlimited, which published professional works for librarians and teachers. Both of the latter became stand-alone imprints of ABC-Clio, in 2008–2009, after its purchase of GPG. History 1967–1999 The company was founded as Greenwood Press, Inc. (GPI) in 1967 by Harold Mason, a librarian and antiquarian bookseller, and Harold Schwartz, who had a b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Politics Of Senegal
Politics in Senegal takes place within the framework of a presidential democratic republic. The President of Senegal is the head of state and government. Executive power in Senegal is concentrated in the president's hands. While legislative power is technically vested in both the government and the parliament, the parliament rarely introduces legislation or votes down legislation proposed by the government. Similarly, although the Judiciary is theoretically independent of the executive and the legislature, the executive branch seems to exert undue control over the judiciary. Senegal is one of the few African states that has never experienced a coup d'état or exceptionally harsh authoritarianism. Léopold Senghor, the first president after independence, resigned in 1981, handing over the office of president to his Prime Minister, Abdou Diouf. The present president, Bassirou Diomaye Faye, was elected in democratic elections in March 2024. Senegal has a reputation for transp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flag Of Casamance (2012)
A flag is a piece of textile, fabric (most often rectangular) with distinctive colours and design. It is used as a symbol, a signalling device, or for decoration. The term ''flag'' is also used to refer to the graphic design employed, and flags have evolved into a general tool for rudimentary signalling and identification, especially in environments where communication is challenging (such as the Maritime flag, maritime environment, where Flag semaphore, semaphore is used). Many flags fall into groups of similar designs called flag families. The study of flags is known as "vexillology" from the Latin , meaning "flag" or "banner". National flags are patriotic symbols with widely varied interpretations that often include strong military associations because of their original and ongoing use for that purpose. Flags are also used in messaging, advertising, or for decorative purposes. Some military units are called "flags" after their use of flags. A ''flag'' (Arabic: ) is equival ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ousmane Sonko
Ousmane Sonko (; born 15 July 1974) is a Senegalese politician and former tax official who is serving as the 16th prime minister of Senegal since 2024, and as the leader of PASTEF since the party's foundation in January 2014. Sonko was the PASTEF candidate in the 2019 presidential election, ultimately placing third. A major figure in the Senegalese opposition against former president Macky Sall, his arrest and subsequent investigation by authorities in 2019 following sexual assault accusations triggered mass protests and rioting across Senegal. In June 2023, he was sentenced to two years in prison, and in July 2023, PASTEF was dissolved by the Senegalese government. In 2024, he was appointed prime minister after his protégé, Bassirou Diomaye Faye, won the 2024 presidential election. Early life Sonko was born in Thiès and spent his childhood in Sébikhotane and Casamance. His father was from Casamance and his mother was from Khombole. Sonko received his baccalaureat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Umaro Sissoco Embaló
Umaro Mokhtar Sissoco Embaló (born 23 September 1972) is a Bissau-Guinean politician serving as the president of Guinea-Bissau since February 2020. A political scientist and military officer, he previously served as prime minister between November 2016 and January 2018. Life Born in Bissau to a Muslim Fulani family, Embaló holds a degree in international relations from the Higher Institute of Social and Political Sciences at the Technical University of Lisbon, as well as both a Master's degree in political science and a doctorate in international relations from the Complutense University of Madrid. He is fluent in Portuguese and Spanish, and competent in English, French, Arabic and Swahili. Embaló served in the army, undertaking National Defence Studies at the National Defence Centre of Spain, and underwent further studies on National Security in Belgium, Israel, South Africa, Japan, and France. He rose to the rank of brigadier-general. Before his political career, Embaló ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yahya Jammeh
Yahya Abdul-Aziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh (born 25 May 1965) is a Gambian politician and former soldier, who served as President of the Gambia from 1996 to 2017. He was the Chairman of the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (AFPRC) from 1994 to 1996. Jammeh was born in Kanilai, in West Coast Region of the Gambia, and is a Muslim of the Jola people, Jola ethnic group. He attended Gambia High School in Banjul from 1978 to 1983 and served in the Military of the Gambia, Gambian National Gendarmerie from 1984 to 1989. He was then commissioned as an officer of the Military of the Gambia, Gambian National Army, commanding the Military Police from 1992 to 1994. In July 1994, he came to power by leading 1994 Gambian coup d'état, a bloodless coup d'état that overthrew the elected government of Dawda Jawara, Sir Dawda Jawara. At first ruling by decree, he was elected President of the Gambia, president in the 1996 Gambian presidential election, 1996 election. Jammeh was re-elected as pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2016–2017 Gambian Constitutional Crisis
A constitutional crisis occurred in The Gambia following Gambian presidential election, 2016, presidential elections in December 2016, in which challenger Adama Barrow achieved an upset victory over longtime incumbent Yahya Jammeh. It eventually concluded after a military intervention by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) led to Jammeh's departure from the country. Although Jammeh first accepted the victory of Adama Barrow on 1 December, he rejected the election results days later. Jammeh called for the election to be annulled, and appealed to the Supreme Court of the Gambia, Supreme Court, which refused to rule on the matter. He then deployed troops to the capital of Banjul and the city of Serekunda. The National Assembly (Nigeria), National Assembly, where Jammeh's Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction held an absolute majority, used emergency measures to extend Jammeh's rule. The United Nations and Economic Community of West African States ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
