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Mobbing Behavior
Mobbing in animals is an anti-predator adaptation in which individuals of prey species cooperatively attack or harass a predator, usually to protect their offspring. A simple definition of mobbing is an assemblage of individuals around a potentially dangerous predator. This is most frequently seen in birds, though it is also known to occur in many other animals such as the meerkat and some Bovinae, bovines. While mobbing has evolved independently in many species, it only tends to be present in those whose young are frequently preyed upon. This ethology, behavior may complement crypsis, cryptic adaptations in the offspring themselves, such as camouflage and hiding. Mobbing calls may be used to summon nearby individuals to co-operation (evolution), cooperate in the attack. Konrad Lorenz, in his book ''On Aggression'' (1966), attributed mobbing among birds and animals to instincts rooted in the Darwinian struggle to survive. In his view, humans are subject to similar innate impulses ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Redtail Hawk Chased By Crows 4391
The term red tail may refer to the following animals: *Red-tailed hawk (''Buteo jamaicensis''), a North American bird of prey *Red-tailed boa (''Boa constrictor''), a Central American snake *Red-tailed Barbel (''Barbus haasi''), a European barbel *Redtail catfish (''Phractocephalus hemioliopterus''), a South American freshwater fish *Red-tailed black shark or Red-tailed shark (''Epalzeorhynchos bicolor''), a common aquarium freshwater fish native to Thailand *Redtail barb (''Enteromius gurneyi''), a freshwater fish from South Africa *Red tailed tinfoil barb (''Barbonymus altus''), a freshwater fish from Southeast Asia *Red-tailed black cockatoo (''Calyptorhynchus banksii''), a cockatoo native to Australia *Red-tailed tropicbird (''Phaëthon rubricauda''), a seabird *Red-tailed sportive lemur (''Lepilemur ruficaudatus''), a primate native to Madagascar *Ceriagrion aeruginosum, Redtail (''Ceriagrion aeruginosum'') a species of damselfly found in south-eastern Australia The term may a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Darwinian
''Darwinism'' is a term used to describe a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others. The theory states that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce. Also called ''Darwinian theory'', it originally included the broad concepts of transmutation of species or of evolution which gained general scientific acceptance after Darwin published ''On the Origin of Species'' in 1859, including concepts which predated Darwin's theories. English biologist Thomas Henry Huxley coined the term ''Darwinism'' in April 1860. Terminology ''Darwinism'' subsequently referred to the specific concepts of natural selection, the Weismann barrier, or the central dogma of molecular biology. Though the term usually refers strictly to biological evolution, creationists have appropriated it to refer to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stotting
Stotting (also called pronking or pronging) is a behavior of quadrupeds, particularly gazelles, in which they spring into the air, lifting all four feet off the ground simultaneously. Usually, the legs are held in a relatively stiff position. Many explanations of stotting have been proposed, though for several of them there is little evidence either for or against. The question of why prey animals stot has been investigated by evolutionary biologists including John Maynard Smith, C. D. Fitzgibbon, and Tim Caro; all of them conclude that the most likely explanation given the available evidence is that it is an honest signal to predators that the stotting animal would be difficult to catch. Such a signal is called "honest" as it is not deceptive in any way, and would benefit both predator and prey: the predator as it avoids a costly and unproductive chase, and the prey as it does not get chased. Etymology ''Stot'' is a common Scots and Northern English verb meaning "bounce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eberhard Curio
Eberhard Curio (22 October 1932 – 11 September 2020) was a German ecologist, ethologist, and conservation biologist. He was involved in conservation in Southeast Asia, particularly in the Philippines. Curio was educated in Berlin and went in 1950 to the Free University Berlin. In 1957 he obtained his doctorate. Curio worked in 1957 at Ludwigsburg bird sanctuary and as an assistant at the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology in Seewiesen. He taught zoology at the University of Tübingen The University of Tübingen, officially the Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen (; ), is a public research university located in the city of Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The University of Tübingen is one of eleven German Excellenc ... from 1964 to 1967 and joined the faculty of the Ruhr University, Bochum in 1968 becoming a professor in 1971. In 1976 he published ''The Ethology of Predation''. He retired in 1998. Curio was involved in the conservation of hornbills, i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scientific Hypothesis
A hypothesis (: hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. A scientific hypothesis must be based on observations and make a testable and reproducible prediction about reality, in a process beginning with an educated guess or thought. If a hypothesis is repeatedly independently demonstrated by experiment to be true, it becomes a scientific theory. In colloquial usage, the words "hypothesis" and "theory" are often used interchangeably, but this is incorrect in the context of science. A working hypothesis is a provisionally-accepted hypothesis used for the purpose of pursuing further progress in research. Working hypotheses are frequently discarded, and often proposed with knowledge (and warning) that they are incomplete and thus false, with the intent of moving research in at least somewhat the right direction, especially when scientists are stuck on an issue and brainstorming ideas. A different meaning of the term ''hypothesis'' is used in formal logic, to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adaptationist
Adaptationism is a scientific perspective on evolution that focuses on accounting for the products of evolution as collections of adaptive traits, each a product of natural selection with some adaptive rationale. A formal alternative would be to look at the products of evolution as the result of neutral evolution, in terms of structural constraints, or in terms of a mixture of factors including (but not limited to) natural selection. The most obvious justification for an adaptationist perspective is the belief that traits are, in fact, always adaptations built by natural selection for their functional role. This position is called "empirical adaptationism" by Godfrey-Smith. However, Godfrey-Smith also identifies "methodological" and "explanatory" flavors of adaptationism, and argues that all three are found in the evolutionary literature (see for explanation). Although adaptationism has always existed— the view that the features of organisms are wonderfully adapted predat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
20241205 Blue Jay Mobbing Barred Owl Defensive Aggression
41 may refer to: * 41 (number) * one of the years 41 BC, AD 41, 1941, 2041 Art and entertainment * ''41'' (film), a 2007 documentary about Nicholas O'Neill, the youngest victim of the Station nightclub fire * ''41'', an Australian award-winning science fiction time travel film about a time loop, by Glenn Triggs * ''41'', a 2012 documentary about President George H. W. Bush. * "#41" (song), a song by the Dave Matthews Band * ''Survivor 41'', the 41st installment of CBS's reality program ''Survivor'' * "Forty One", a song by Karma to Burn from the album ''Appalachian Incantation'', 2010 People * George H. W. Bush, or "Bush 41" (to distinguish him from his son, George W. Bush), 41st president of the United States * Nick "41" MacLaren, member of the New Zealand hip hop duo Frontline * 41 (group), a Brooklyn drill trio Others * HP-41C, a series of calculators made by Hewlett-Packard ** FOCAL (Hewlett-Packard) The HP-41C series are programmable, expandable, HP Continuous memory ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crows Mobbing Bald Eagle 04
The Common Remotely Operated Weapon Station (CROWS) is a series of remote weapon stations used by the US military on its armored vehicles and ships. It allows weapon operators to engage targets without leaving the protection of their vehicle. The US military has fielded both the M101 CROWS and M153 CROWS II systems. System overview The CROWS system provides an operator with the ability to acquire and engage targets while inside a vehicle, protected by its armor. It is designed to mount on a variety of vehicle platforms and supports the Mk 19 grenade launcher, 12.7 mm M2 .50 Caliber Machine Gun, 7.62 mm M240B Machine Gun, and 5.56 mm M249 Squad Automatic Weapon. The system is composed of two parts: the mount which is fixed to the exterior of the vehicle and the control group. The mount is capable of 360° rotation and −20° to +60° elevation and is gyro-stabilized. The sight package includes a daylight video camera, a thermal camera and an eye-safe lase ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nest
A nest is a structure built for certain animals to hold Egg (biology), eggs or young. Although nests are most closely associated with birds, members of all classes of vertebrates and some invertebrates construct nests. They may be composed of organic material such as twigs, grass, and leaves, or may be a simple depression in the ground, or a hole in a rock, tree, or building. Human-made materials, such as string, plastic, cloth, or paper, may also be used. Nests can be found in all types of habitat. Nest building is driven by a biological urge known as the nesting instinct in birds and mammals. Generally each species has a distinctive style of nest. Nest complexity is roughly correlated with the level of parental care by adults. Nest building is considered a key adaptive advantage among birds, and they exhibit the most variation in their nests ranging from simple holes in the ground to elaborate communal nests hosting hundreds of individuals. Nests of prairie dogs and severa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carrion Crow
The carrion crow (''Corvus corone'') is a passerine bird of the family Corvidae, native to western Europe and the eastern Palearctic. Taxonomy and systematics The carrion crow was one of the many species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', and it still bears its original name of ''Corvus corone''. The binomial name is derived from the Latin , "raven", and Greek , "crow". The hooded crow (''Corvus cornix''), formerly regarded as a subspecies, has been split off as a separate species, and there is some discussion whether the eastern carrion crow (''C. c. orientalis'') is distinct enough to warrant specific status; the two taxa are well separated, and it has been proposed they could have evolved independently in the wetter, maritime regions at the opposite ends of the Eurasian landmass.Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary (1994): ''Crows and jays: a guide to the crows, jays and magpies of the world''. A&C Black, London. Al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Black-headed Gull
The black-headed gull (''Chroicocephalus ridibundus'') is a small gull that breeds in much of the Palearctic in Europe and Asia, and also locally in smaller numbers in coastal eastern Canada. Most of the population is migratory and winters further south, but many also remain in the milder areas of northwestern Europe. It was formerly sometimes cited as "common black-headed gull" to distinguish it from "great black-headed gull" (an old name for Pallas's gull). The genus name ''Chroicocephalus'' is from the Ancient Greek words ''khroizo'', "to colour", and ''kephale'', "head". The specific name ''ridibundus'' is Latin for "laughing". Taxonomy The black-headed gull was formally described in 1766 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the twelfth edition of his ''Systema Naturae''. He placed it with the other gulls in the genus ''Larus'' and coined the binomial name ''Larus ridibundus''. Linnaeus specified the locality as ''Mari Europaeo'' or European seas. Genetic stud ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Defecation
Defecation (or defaecation) follows digestion and is the necessary biological process by which organisms eliminate a solid, semisolid, or liquid metabolic waste, waste material known as feces (or faeces) from the digestive tract via the anus or cloaca. The act has a variety of names, ranging from the technical (e.g. bowel movement), to the common (like pooping or crapping), to the obscene (''Shit, shitting''), to the euphemistic ("doing number two", "dropping a deuce" or "taking a dump"), to the juvenile ("going poo-poo" or "making doo-doo"). The topic, usually avoided in polite company, forms the basis of scatological humor. human feces, Humans expel feces with a frequency varying from a few times daily to a few times weekly. Waves of muscle, muscular contraction (known as ''peristalsis'') in the walls of the colon (anatomy), colon move fecal matter through the digestive tract towards the rectum. Flatus may also be expulsed. Undigested food may also be expelled within the fec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
