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Mixed Ballot Transferable Vote
The mixed ballot transferable vote (MBTV) refers to a type of vote linkage-based mixed-member electoral system where a group of members are elected on local (lower) tier, for example in single-member districts (SMDs). Other members are elected on a compensatory national (upper) tier from a list and voters cast a single ballot where they may indicate their preferences separately.https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.15129.34407 Electoral incentives and the equal value of ballots in vote transfer systems with positive winner compensation A dual vote mixed system is not necessarily a mixed ballot system, particularly the ones using separate ballots for the two votes. This article is primarily about systems using mixed ballots. For the dual vote, hybrid versions of parallel voting and MSV used in Hungary and formerly used in Italy for national elections, see scorporo. Overview Unused votes from the lower tier are counted on the upper tier in a compensatory way using a (partial, positi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mixed Ballot , a person who is of multiracial descent
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Mixed is the past tense of ''mix''. Mixed may refer to: * Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category), an ethnicity category that has been used by the United Kingdom's Office for National Statistics since the 2001 Census Music * ''Mixed'' (album), a compilation album of two avant-garde jazz sessions featuring performances by the Cecil Taylor Unit and the Roswell Rudd Sextet See also * Mix (other) * Mixed breed, an animal whose family are from different breeds or species * Mixed ethnicity The term multiracial people refers to people who are mixed with two or more races (human categorization), races and the term multi-ethnic people refers to people who are of more than one ethnicity, ethnicities. A variety of terms have been used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dual-member Mixed Proportional
The dual-member mixed proportional (DMP) voting method is a mixed electoral system using a localized list rule to elect two representatives in each district. It is similar to other forms of mixed-member proportional representation, but differs from the additional-member system in that all representatives are elected locally in small districts, rather than requiring separate list seats to be filled in large regional or nationwide districts. In the first step, one seat in each district is awarded to the candidate or party with the most votes, as with first-past-the-post voting rules. In the second step, underrepresented parties are assigned secondary seats in the districts in which they won the most votes, which creates an overall proportional result. DMP was invented in 2013 by a University of Alberta mathematics student named Sean Graham. The system was intended as a possible replacement for single-member plurality (SMP) in Canadian national and provincial elections. After ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zweitstimme
In Germany, the second vote ( ''German'': ''Zweitstimme'') is generally the decisive vote for the allocation of seats to the political parties. With it, the voter chooses a party whose candidates are put together on a state list. In addition to the second vote, the voter can cast a first vote ( ''German'': ''Erststimme''), with which he or she votes for a candidate in the constituency. The validity of the second vote remains unaffected by any invalidity of the first voteSection 39of the Federal Election Law). In some German state electoral systems, the vote corresponding to the second vote is called the list vote (Saxony) or the state vote (Thuringia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Hesse). It has been proposed that the second vote in the federal election be renamed the list vote. Background The two-vote system has existed in Germany since 1953. The change to personalized proportional representation with first and second votes took place together with the introduction of the nationwide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Erststimme
In Germany, the first vote (German: ''Erststimme'') is used to elect a direct candidate in a constituency. In the federal states, the first vote is sometimes called the constituency vote or direct vote. The first vote in the federal election In each political party may nominate one candidate within a constituency. In addition, non-party candidates are possible. The candidate with the most first votes in his constituency receives a so-called direct mandate and becomes a member of the Bundestag; all other candidates go home empty-handed. In this way, 299 members of parliament, one for each constituency, enter the Bundestag. They thus represent approximately half of all members of the Bundestag. Although the first vote is not considered to be quite as influential as the second vote, it does have important functions in the election. It is an opportunity for individuals to enter the German Bundestag without being nominated by a party on a state list (example: Hans-Christian Strö ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proportional Approval Voting
Proportional approval voting (PAV) is a proportional electoral system for multiwinner elections. It is a multiwinner approval method that extends the D'Hondt method of apportionment commonly used to calculate apportionments for party-list proportional representation. However, PAV allows voters to support only the candidates they approve of, rather than being forced to approve or reject all candidates on a given party list. In PAV, voters cast approval ballots marking all candidates they approve of; each voter's ballot is then treated as if all candidates on the ballot were on their own "party list." Seats are then apportioned between candidates in a way that ensures all coalitions are represented proportionally. History PAV is a special case of Thiele's voting rule, proposed by Thorvald N. Thiele. It was used in combination with ranked voting in the Swedish elections from 1909 to 1921 for distributing seats within parties and in local elections. PAV was rediscovered by For ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Approval Voting
Approval voting is a single-winner rated voting system where voters can approve of all the candidates as they like instead of Plurality voting, choosing one. The method is designed to eliminate vote-splitting while keeping election administration simple and Summability criterion, easy-to-count (requiring only a single score for each candidate). Approval voting has been used in both organizational and political elections to improve representativeness and voter satisfaction. Critics of approval voting have argued the simple ballot format is a disadvantage, as it forces a Dichotomous preferences, binary choice for each candidate (instead of the expressive grades of other rated voting rules). Effect on elections Research by Social choice theory, social choice theorists Steven Brams and Dudley R. Herschbach found that approval voting would increase voter participation, prevent minor-party candidates from being spoiler effect, spoilers, and reduce negative campaigning. Brams' researc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Split-ticket Voting
Split-ticket voting or ticket splitting is when a voter in an election votes for candidates from different political party, political parties when multiple political office, offices are being decided by a single election, as opposed to straight-ticket voting, where a voter chooses candidates from the same political party for every office up for election. Split-ticket voting can occur in certain mixed-member systems which allow for it, such as Mixed-member proportional representation, mixed-member proportional and parallel voting systems. Examples Australia In Australia, federal elections in recent times have usually involved a Australian House of Representatives, House of Representatives election and a Australian Senate, half-Senate election occurring on the same day. The states, with the exception of Queensland and Tasmania, also hold elections for both houses of parliament simultaneously. An example of split-ticket voting in Australia is a voter who gives their first preferen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Overhang Seat
Overhang seats are constituency seats won in an election under the traditional mixed-member proportional (MMP) system (as it originated in Germany), when a party's share of the nationwide votes would entitle it to fewer seats than the number of individual constituencies won. How overhang seats arise Under MMP, a party is entitled to a number of seats based on its share of the total vote. If a party's share entitles it to ten seats and its candidates win seven constituencies, it will be awarded three list seats, bringing it up to its required number. This only works, however, if the party's seat entitlement is greater than the number of constituencies it has won. If, for example, a party is entitled to five seats, but wins six constituencies, the sixth constituency seat is referred to as an overhang seat. Overhang typically results from the winner-take-all tendency of single-member districts, or if the geographic distribution of parties allows one to win many seats with few vo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Compensation (electoral Systems)
Compensation or correction is an optional mechanism of electoral systems, which corrects the results of one part of the system based on some criterion to achieve a certain result, usually to make it more proportional. There are in general two forms of compensation: vote linkage and seat linkage. Compensation exists in many ranked voting systems such as instant-runoff voting and single transferable voting, where votes for eliminated candidates (and in the case of STV, surplus votes of elected candidates) are transferred to other candidates, thereby compensating voters who voted for candidates who may not be elected (or whose votes were not needed to get a candidate elected). This is an example of vote linkage compensation in a single-tier system. The equivalent of this type of compensation in case of party-list proportional representation is the spare vote. In mixed electoral systems compensation is usually contrasted with superposition, which means two electoral systems are used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Single Transferable Vote
The single transferable vote (STV) or proportional-ranked choice voting (P-RCV) is a multi-winner electoral system in which each voter casts a single vote in the form of a ranked ballot. Voters have the option to rank candidates, and their vote may be transferred according to alternative preferences if their preferred candidate is eliminated or elected with surplus votes, so that their vote is used to elect someone they prefer over others in the running. STV aims to approach proportional representation based on votes cast in the district where it is used, so that each vote is worth about the same as another. STV is a family of multi-winner proportional representation electoral systems. The proportionality of its results and the proportion of votes actually used to elect someone are equivalent to those produced by proportional representation election systems based on lists. STV systems can be thought of as a variation on the largest remainders method that uses candidate-based so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Instant-runoff Voting
Instant-runoff voting (IRV; ranked-choice voting (RCV), preferential voting, alternative vote) is a single-winner ranked voting election system where Sequential loser method, one or more eliminations are used to simulate Runoff (election), runoff elections. When no candidate has a majority of the votes in the first round of counting, each following round eliminates the candidate with the fewest First-preference votes, first-preferences (among the remaining candidates) and transfers their votes if possible. This continues until one candidate accumulates a majority of the votes still in play. Instant-runoff voting falls under the plurality-based voting-rule family, in that under certain conditions the candidate with the least votes is eliminated, making use of secondary rankings as contingency votes. Thus it is related to the Runoff election, two-round runoff system and the exhaustive ballot. IRV could also be seen as a single-winner equivalent of Single transferable vote, sin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
