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Minor Tyranny
The Minor Tyranny ( Persian: استبداد صغیر) was a roughly one year long period in Iranian history lasting from the bombardment of the Iranian parliament on 23 June 1908 by the forces of Mohammad Ali Shah to the capture of Tehran by the revolutionary forces on 13 July 1909. This period was marked by the executions and expulsion of many journalists and constitutionalists as an era of absolutism returned to the country. Background Iran has a long history of absolute monarchy. In the late 19th century, the pressure to bring in a constitution and limit the powers of the Shah and the royalty grew, as the administration of the Shah proved weak and inefficient, and in several instances he had granted concessions that the population deemed outrageous. Examples of such concessions were the tobacco concession given to Gerald Talbot which led to the tobacco protest, and the Reuter concession, both of which were received with massive backlash from the people. The Shah lived extr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohammad Ali Shah
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar ( fa, محمدعلی شاه قاجار; 21 June 1872 – 5 April 1925, San Remo, Italy), Shah of Iran from 8 January 1907 to 16 July 1909. He was the sixth shah of the Qajar dynasty. Biography Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar was opposed to the Persian Constitution of 1906, which had been ratified during the reign of his father, Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar. In 1907, Mohammad Ali dissolved the National Consultative Assembly and declared the Constitution abolished because it was contrary to Islamic law. He bombarded the Majles (Persian parliament) with the military and political support of Russia and Britain. In July 1909, pro-Constitution forces marched from Persia's provinces to Tehran led by Sardar As'ad, Sepehdar A'zam, Sattar Khan, Bagher Khan and Yeprem Khan, deposed the Shah, and re-established the constitution. On 16 July 1909, the parliament voted to place Mohammad Ali Shah's 11-year-old son, Ahmad Shah on the throne. Mohammad Ali Shah abdicated fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdol Majid Mirza
Abdol Majid Mirza Eyn-ed-Dowleh (1845 – 2 November 1927)https://www.fardanews.com/fa/news/772200/صدراعظم-مستبد-و-مستقل-قجری-کیست-عکس was a Persian Qajar Qajar Iran (), also referred to as Qajar Persia, the Qajar Empire, '. Sublime State of Persia, officially the Sublime State of Iran ( fa, دولت علیّه ایران ') and also known then as the Guarded Domains of Iran ( fa, ممالک م� ... prince and twice Prime Minister of Iran. He was the eldest son of Prince Soltan Ahmad Mirza Azod Al-Duleh and grandson of Fat'h Ali Shah Qajar. Ein ad-Dowleh Mansion belonged to him. References 1845 births 1927 deaths People from Tehran Prime Ministers of Iran Qajar princes People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution {{Iran-politician-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani
Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani ( fa, سیدعبدالله بهبهانی, 1840–1910) was a Shi'a theologian and a prominent leader of the constitutional movement. He was born in Najaf and was educated by scholars such as Morteza Ansari. During the constitutional movement he was influential in the Majlis. On the night of 15 July 1910, four gunmen attacked his house and killed him. Seyyed Hassan Taghizadeh was suspected to be responsible, and he subsequently fled the country. Early life Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani was born in Najaf. His father, Seyyed Esmaeil, was a famous scholar in Iran. He was descended from a prominent Shia scholar of Bahrain, Abdollah al-Beladi from the village of al-Gorayfa. He was educated in Najaf by scholars such as Morteza Ansari, Hosayn Kuhkamarai, Mirza Ḥasan Sirazi, and Shaikh Rażi Naǰafi and became qualified to provide religious guidance. Political efforts Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani spent much of his life expressing his political views. His campaigns ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parliamentary Sovereignty
Parliamentary sovereignty, also called parliamentary supremacy or legislative supremacy, is a concept in the constitutional law of some parliamentary democracies. It holds that the legislative body has absolute sovereignty and is supreme over all other government institutions, including executive or judicial bodies. It also holds that the legislative body may change or repeal any previous legislation and so it is not bound by written law (in some cases, not even a constitution) or by precedent. In some countries, parliamentary sovereignty may be contrasted with separation of powers, which limits the legislature's scope often to general law-making and makes it subject to external judicial review, where laws passed by the legislature may be declared invalid in certain circumstances. Many states have sovereign legislatures, including the United Kingdom, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Barbados, Jamaica, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sheikh Fazlollah Noori
Sheikh Fazlollah bin Abbas Mazindarani (; 24 December 1843 – 31 July 1909), also known as Fazlollah Noori (), was a twelver Shia Muslim scholar and politician in Qajar Iran during the late 19th and early 20th century and founder of islamist Shi'ism in Iran. Nouri was a financially successful court official responsible for conducting marriages and contracts, he also handled wills of wealthy men and collected religious funds. As a controversial political figure, his political stance was variable according to the prevailing trends of the royal court. Under the monarch Mozaffar al-Din Shah, who accepted demands for democratic reforms and agreed to surrender political powers to the parliament, he sided with the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. However, Noori turned against the revolution after Mozaffar al-Din's death and his successor (Muhammad Ali Shah Qajar) moved to close the parliament and return to the country to medieval monarchical absolutism. He joined the Shah in a v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maku, Iran
Maku ( fa, ماكو, , az, ماكي, translit=Makı, ) is a city in the West Azerbaijan Province, Iran and the capital of Maku County. At the 2006 census, its population was 41,865, in 10,428 families. It is situated from the Turkish border in a mountain gorge at an altitude of 1,634 metres. The Zangmar River cuts through the city. Maku Free Trade and Industrial Zone is Iran's largest and the world's second largest free trade zone and will encompass an area of 5,000 square km when it was scheduled to open in 2011. Azeris are the majority while Kurds the minority of the city. History Maku was a region of the old Armenia c. 300–800, previously known as Artaz according to Aziz Atiya's ''History of Eastern Christianity''. The Castle of Maku, original Shavarshan, was the center of the domains of the princely family of Amatuni. The Artazian branch of Amatuni family was ruling the Maku region of Artaz still in the XVth century and successfully defended it against Timurleng, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rahimkhan Chalabianloo
Rahimkhan Chalabianloo or Rahim Khan Chalabianlu, was a government official in power around the turn of the 19th century in Iran. He was from the Chalabianlu tribe and executed in 1911. Biography According to the official documents Rahim Khan's ancestors had been exiled to the north of Arasbaran region by advancing Russian forces during the Russo-Persian War (1826–28). Rahim khan served as an Army General during the era of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar. During the brief reign of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar, Rahim Khan as the commander of the Royal Guards was a close confidant of the king. Rahim Khan was imprisoned after the revolutionary parliament accused his son for orchestrating the massacre of 200 peasants in Arasbaran. However, after he pretended switching sides, government dispatched him to fight a Kurdish rebellion in the West Azerbaijan Province. Rahim Khan started anti-revolutionary activities as soon as he reached Ardabil and scored significant victories and completed the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marand
Marand ( fa, مرند; ; also Romanized as Morand) is a city and capital of Marand County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Marand is among major cities in the province. It is located in the north-west of capital of the province Tabriz. Marand has been known by various names in history, such as ''Maryana'', ''Mandagarana'', and ''Maranda''. Etymology Moritz von Kotzebue and August von Haxthausen both described local legends that placed the burial spot of Noah's wife at Marand. Both authors contended that the name of the city means "the mother lies here," referring to Noah's wife. According to Kotzebue: History The history of the town goes back to the pre-Islamic era. Between 815 till 850, Marand was primarily controlled by Mohammad ibn Ba'ith who was Iranicized to a considerable extent.Minorsky, “Marand” in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Vol. 6, (1991): p. 504 "According to one of al-Tabari' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shiraz
Shiraz (; fa, شیراز, Širâz ) is the fifth-most-populous city of Iran and the capital of Fars Province, which has been historically known as Pars () and Persis. As of the 2016 national census, the population of the city was 1,565,572 people, and its built-up area with Sadra was home to almost 1,800,000 inhabitants. A census in 2021 showed an increase in the city's population to 1,995,500 people. Shiraz is located in southwestern Iran on the () seasonal river. Founded in the early Islamic period, the city has a moderate climate and has been a regional trade center for over a thousand years. The earliest reference to the city, as ''Tiraziš'', is on Elamite clay tablets dated to 2000 BCE. The modern city was restored or founded by the Arab Umayyad Caliphate in 693 CE and grew prominent under the successive Iranian Saffarid and Buyid dynasties in the 9th and 10th–11th centuries, respectively. In the 13th century, Shiraz became a leading center of the arts and le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qavam Family
The Ghavam (Qavam) family ( fa, خاندان قوام شیرازی) was one of the most influential Iranian families in the Qajar era (1785–1925). They were descendants of Haj Ebrahim Khan Kalantar. Many sources such as British secret documents and Nasser Al Din Shah Qajar himself believed that the family was Jewish. The family was so powerful with wealth and political power that it was often said in Shiraz "Before Reza Shah, Qavams were Shah here." The surname Ghavam is borrowed from honorific title Ghavam-al-saltaneh from Qajar court which means pillar or continuation of Kingdom. Early years Ghavam family trace their ancestry back to Hajj Ghavam ol Din a 14th-century Vizier, and a contemporary of Hafez who is also mentioned in his poems. Local tradition always portray family as Jewish and this claim was confirmed in secret British memoirs of 1890s called Who's Who in Iran. The first member of family to reach political influence was Hajj Ebrahim Kalantar Shirazi. He was a Vi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persian Cossack Brigade
, image = Persian Cossack Brigade.jpg , caption = Persian Cossack Brigade in Tabriz in 1909 , dates = 1879–1921 , disbanded = 6 December 1921 , country = Persia , allegiance = (1879–1917) White movement (1917–1920) (1921) , branch = Persian Army , type = Cavalry , role = Special operations , size = , command_structure = , garrison = Tehran, Tabriz, Isfahan, Mashhad, Ardabil, Hamadan , Urmia, Mazandaran and Gilan , battles = , notable_commanders = Col. Vladimir Liakhov BG Reza Khan BG Martiros Khan Davidkhanian BG Alexander Khan Setkhanian The Persian Cossack Brigade or Iranian Cossack Brigade ( fa, بریگاد قزاق, Berīgād-e qazzāq ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
