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Mining Office
A ''Bergamt'' or mining office is a mining supervisory authority in German-speaking countries below the level of the state. It exercises immediate supervision of all activities, facilities and equipment associated with mining within a mining district. This includes the promotion and monitoring of operational safety and workplace safety. Germany In Germany, the legal basis for the supervision of mining operations is the Federal Mining Act (''Bundesberggesetz''). The states are responsible for the execution of the act through their respective state authorities which are: * Freiburg Regional Authority (''Regierungspräsidium Freiburg'') for Baden-Württemberg *North Bavaria Mining Office (''Bergamt Nordbayern'') and South Bavaria Mining Office (''Bergamt Südbayern'') for Bavaria *State Office of Mining, Geology and Raw Materials (''Landesamt für Bergbau, Geologie und Rohstoffe'') for Berlin and Brandenburg *State Office of Mining, Energy and Geology (''Landesamt für Bergbau, Ener ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mining
Mining is the Resource extraction, extraction of valuable geological materials and minerals from the surface of the Earth. Mining is required to obtain most materials that cannot be grown through agriculture, agricultural processes, or feasibly created Chemical synthesis, artificially in a laboratory or factory. Ores recovered by mining include Metal#Extraction, metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, chalk mining, chalk, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. The ore must be a rock or mineral that contains valuable constituent, can be extracted or mined and sold for profit. Mining in a wider sense includes extraction of any non-renewable resource such as petroleum, natural gas, or even fossil water, water. Modern mining processes involve prospecting for ore bodies, analysis of the profit potential of a proposed mine, extraction of the desired materials, and final mine reclamation, reclamation or restoration of the land after the mine is closed. Mining ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mining District (Europe)
A mining district in the European context denotes a specific geographically-defined area under the control and administration of a single mining authority. This district includes the mines, saltworks and smelters located within it. Regional names In the former Holy Roman Empire and in German-speaking countries today, various terms were used including ''Bergrevier'', often shortened to ''Revier'', ''Bergamtsrevier'', ''Bergdistrict'', ''Bergamtsbezirk'', or ''Bergwerksdistrikt''. Background and history Until the Middle Ages, mining in Europe was only practised on a small scale. There were relatively few mines that were subordinated directly to their respective sovereigns. Their administration was instead carried out by an official appointed by the sovereign on his or her behalf. Mining was regulated by the applicable mining ordinances in the respective states. When mining increased in scope and more and more mines were built, it was no longer possible for a single person to m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Occupational Safety And Health
Occupational safety and health (OSH) or occupational health and safety (OHS) is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety, health, and welfare of people at work (i.e., while performing duties required by one's occupation). OSH is related to the fields of occupational medicine and occupational hygiene and aligns with workplace health promotion initiatives. OSH also protects all the general public who may be affected by the occupational environment. According to the official estimates of the United Nations, the '' WHO/ ILO'' ''Joint Estimate of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury'', almost 2 million people die each year due to exposure to occupational risk factors. Globally, more than 2.78 million people die annually as a result of workplace-related accidents or diseases, corresponding to one death every fifteen seconds. There are an additional 374 million non-fatal work-related injuries annually. It is estimated that the economic burden of o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freiburg (region)
Freiburg is one of the four administrative divisions () of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, located in the south-west of the country. It covers the Black Forest () hills as well as the Rhine valley. It is sub-divided into the three regions () of Hochrhein-Bodensee, Schwarzwald-Baar-Heuberg and Südlicher Oberrhein. It is divided into nine districts and 294 municipalities. Economy The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 86.9 billion € in 2018, accounting for 2.6% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €35,300 or 117% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 97% of the EU average. References External links * {{Authority control Freiburg (region), Geography of Baden-Württemberg Government regions of Germany NUTS 2 statistical regions of Germany ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Darmstadt (region)
Darmstadt is one of the three of Hesse, Germany, located in the south of the state. The other two are Giessen (region), Giessen and Kassel (region), Kassel Economy The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was €207.7 billion in 2018, accounting for 6.2% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €47,800 or 159% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 127% of the EU average. This makes it one of the wealthiest regions in Germany and Europe. References External links * {{DEFAULTSORT:Darmstadt (Region) Government regions of Germany NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union Regions of Hesse Darmstadt (region), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arnsberg (region)
Arnsberg () is one of the five Regierungsbezirke of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, located in the west-central part of the country. It covers the Sauerland hills as well as the east part of the Ruhr area. The region was founded in 1815 as a subdivision of the Prussian Province of Westphalia. ''Kreise''(counties) # Ennepe-Ruhr # Hochsauerland # Märkischer Kreis # Olpe (district), Olpe # Siegen-Wittgenstein # Soest (district), Soest # Unna (district), Unna ''Kreisfreie Städte''(independent cities) # Bochum # Dortmund # Hagen # Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia, Hamm # Herne, Germany, Herne Economy The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 124.8 billion € in 2018, accounting for 3.7% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 32,000 € or 106% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 95% of the EU average. References External links * NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union Westphalia Gov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saxon Mining Office
The Saxon Mining Office () is the executive authority for mining rights in the German state of Saxony. It is also responsible for all non-metallic mineral resources on the terrain of the former East Germany. History Based on discoveries of silver in 1168, Freiberg developed into the centre of Ore Mountains and Saxon ore mining. A mining office (''Bergamt'') and master miner (''Bergmeister'') were mentioned here in 1241. Freiberg mining law ('' Bergrecht''), first laid down in writing in 1307, was subsequently adopted in many other European mining regions. In 1470 rich silver finds in the Ore Mountains (at Schneeberg Annaberg-Buchholz and Marienberg) resulted in a new (the second) '' Berggeschrey''(silver rush). The mining industry expanded rapidly, and in the wake of this growth a single mining administration was gradually set up in Albertine Saxony during the early 16th century. The Annaberg mining regulations (''Bergordnung'') enacted in 1509 by George the Bearded supers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Austria
Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine Federal states of Austria, states, of which the capital Vienna is the List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city and state. Austria is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The country occupies an area of and has Austrians, a population of around 9 million. The area of today's Austria has been inhabited since at least the Paleolithic, Paleolithic period. Around 400 BC, it was inhabited by the Celts and then annexed by the Roman Empire, Romans in the late 1st century BC. Christianization in the region began in the 4th and 5th centuries, during the late Western Roman Empire, Roman period, followed by the arrival of numerous Germanic tribes during the Migration Period. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Netherlands
, Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Netherlands consists of Provinces of the Netherlands, twelve provinces; it borders Germany to the east and Belgium to the south, with a North Sea coastline to the north and west. It shares Maritime boundary, maritime borders with the United Kingdom, Germany, and Belgium. The official language is Dutch language, Dutch, with West Frisian language, West Frisian as a secondary official language in the province of Friesland. Dutch, English_language, English, and Papiamento are official in the Caribbean Netherlands, Caribbean territories. The people who are from the Netherlands is often referred to as Dutch people, Dutch Ethnicity, Ethnicity group, not to be confused by the language. ''Netherlands'' literally means "lower countries" i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bergordnung
The Bergordnung were the mining regulations or law enacted in order to exercise the royal mining rights or ''Bergregal'' in central Europe in medieval times. See also * Bergrecht * Bergregal Literature * Hermann Brassert (ed.): ''Berg-Ordnungen der preussischen Lande.'', Cologne, 1858digitalised * Hubert Ermisch: ''Das Sächsische Bergrecht des Mittelalters.'' Giesecke & Devrient, Leipzig, 1887digitalised * Franz Johann Friedrich Meyer: ''Versuch einer Geschichte der Bergwerksverfassung und der Bergrechte des Harzes im Mittelalter.'' Eisenach, 1817 * Joseph von Sperges: ''Tyrolische Bergwerksgeschichte.'' Wien 1765digitalised * Aemil Steinbeck: ''Geschichte des Schlesischen Bergaues, seiner Verfassung, seines Betriebes.'' 2 Bände, Breslau 1857ff.digitalised Vol. 1 * Kaspar Maria von Sternberg: ''Umrisse einer Geschichte des Bergbaus und der Berggesetzgebung des Königreichs Böhmen.'' 2 volumes, Prague, 1836/38 digitalised Vol. 1-1digitalised Vol. 1-2digitalised Vol. 2* Thom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bergregal
The ''Bergregal'' () was the historic property rights (economics), right of ownership of mining law, untapped mineral resources in parts of German-speaking Europe; ownership of the ''Bergregal'' meant entitlement to the mineral rights, rights and royalties from mining. Historically, it was one of those regalia, privileges that constituted the original sovereign rights of the king. In addition to the ''Bergregal'', another important sovereign privilege was the ''Münzregal'' or minting rights, which was a consequence of the ''Bergregal'' since coins were minted near the mines from which their metal was obtained. History In the early days of the Roman Empire, the landowner had the right to extract minerals. The reason behind this was that mineral resources were seen as "fruit of the soil" which were deemed to belong the landowner. The first regalia, or royal privileges, emerged in the first millennium, but there was still no ''Bergregal'' governing mining rights as part of the la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
