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Military Special Court
Military Special Courts () or WSS was the underground court of the Polish Underground State during World War II. The only such extensive court system in German-occupied Europe. History In the structure of the Union of Armed Struggle Already from the end of 1939, local units of the Service for Poland's Victory (SZP), and later the Union of Armed Struggle (ZWZ), executed traitors. It was a practice that commanders of the appropriate ranks submitted applications for execution to the commanders of the appropriate districts. There was also an ''ad hoc j''udicial panel of the SZP Headquarters, which issued several death sentences.Kowalski 2012. On April 16, 1940, the Committee of Ministers for Home Affairs issued the "Resolution on Hooded Courts in the Country", which was approved by the Commander-in-Chief and Inspector General of the Armed Forces and the Prime Minister, General Władysław Sikorski. The resolution established two court structures: * Military Hood Courts (), w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Underground Court
The underground courts (') were World War II secret courts in occupied Poland, organized by the Polish government-in-exile. The courts determined punishments for citizens of Poland who were subject to Polish law before the war. History After the Polish Defense War of 1939, the German authorities of the General Government mobilized all the pre-war Polish policemen to the German service. The so-called Navy-Blue Police (''Policja granatowa'', nicknamed after the color of their uniforms) were used as an auxiliary unit of the Gestapo and Kripo, yet they had no means of executing law and order in the occupied country. At the same time, the German police forces and courts were more interested in persecution of Jews and members of the Polish intelligentsia and underground rather than common criminals. First underground, ad hoc courts were created alongside some of the first Polish resistance organizations as early as in 1939.Stanisław Salmonowicz, ''Polskie Państwo Podziemne'', Wy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paris
Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, fourth-most populous city in the European Union and the List of cities proper by population density, 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2022. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of the world's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, culture, Fashion capital, fashion, and gastronomy. Because of its leading role in the French art, arts and Science and technology in France, sciences and its early adoption of extensive street lighting, Paris became known as the City of Light in the 19th century. The City of Paris is the centre of the Île-de-France region, or Paris Region, with an official estimated population of 12,271,794 inhabitants in January 2023, or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Home Army Headquarters
A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or more human occupants, and sometimes various pet, companion animals. Homes provide sheltered spaces, for instance rooms, where domestic activity can be performed such as sleeping, preparing food, eating and hygiene as well as providing spaces for work and leisure such as remote working, studying and playing. Physical forms of homes can be static such as a house or an apartment, mobile such as a houseboat, Trailer (vehicle), trailer or yurt or digital such as virtual space. The aspect of 'home' can be considered across scales; from the micro scale showcasing the most intimate spaces of the individual dwelling and direct surrounding area to the macro scale of the geographic area such as town, village, city, country or planet. The concept of 'home' has been researched and theorized across disciplines – topics ranging from the idea of home, the interior, the psyche, liminal space, contes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
