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Migrant Literature
Migrant literature, sometimes written by migrants themselves, tells stories of immigration. Settings Although any experience of migration would qualify an author to be classed under migrant literature, the main focus of recent research has been on the principal channels of mass-migration in the twentieth century. These include: Europeans, European migration to North America or Australia; Arabs, Arab migration to America after the collapse of the Ottoman empire; African diaspora, African and Asians, Asian migration from former colonies into Europe; situations of ethnic cleansing; guest worker programs; and exile situations such as that of German dissidents during the Nazi period. Migrant literature and postcolonial literature show some considerable overlap. Themes Migrant literature focuses on the social contexts in the migrants' country of origin which prompt them to leave, on the experience of migration itself, on the mixed reception which they may receive in the country of arr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Immigration
Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not usual residents or where they do not possess nationality in order to settle as Permanent residency, permanent residents. Commuting, Commuters, Tourism, tourists, and other short-term stays in a destination country do not fall under the definition of immigration or migration; Seasonal industry, seasonal labour immigration is sometimes included, however. Economically, research suggests that migration can be beneficial both to the receiving and sending countries. The academic literature provides mixed findings for the relationship between immigration and crime worldwide. Research shows that country of origin matters for speed and depth of immigrant assimilation, but that there is considerable assimilation overall for both first- and second-generation immigrants. Discrimination based on nationality is legal in most countries. Extensive evidence of discrimination against foreign-b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. The empire emerged from a Anatolian beyliks, ''beylik'', or principality, founded in northwestern Anatolia in by the Turkoman (ethnonym), Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. His successors Ottoman wars in Europe, conquered much of Anatolia and expanded into the Balkans by the mid-14th century, transforming their petty kingdom into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the Fall of Constantinople, conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II. With its capital at History of Istanbul#Ottoman Empire, Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and control over a significant portion of the Mediterranean Basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interacti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literary Criticism
A genre of arts criticism, literary criticism or literary studies is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often influenced by literary theory, which is the philosophical analysis of literature's goals and methods. Although the two activities are closely related, literary critics are not always, and have not always been, theorists. Whether or not literary criticism should be considered a separate field of inquiry from literary theory is a matter of some controversy. For example, ''The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism'' draws no distinction between literary theory and literary criticism, and almost always uses the terms together to describe the same concept. Some critics consider literary criticism a practical application of literary theory, because criticism always deals directly with particular literary works, while theory may be more general or abstract. Literary criticism is often published in essay or book ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Return Migration
Return migration refers to the individual or family decision of a migrant to leave a host country and to return permanently to the country of origin. Research topics include the return migration process, motivations for returning, the experiences returnees encounter, and the impacts of return migration on both the host and the home countries. The exact numbers are debated, but Mark Wyman concludes: "The totals are so enormous: at least one-third of the 52 million Europeans who left Europe between 1824 and 1924 returned permanently to their homelands." "Return migration" can be contrasted with repatriation, which is imposed by the host government on a specified group of immigrants. It should also be distinguished from circular migration, in which migrants repeatedly travel between origin and destination countries, for example to plant and harvest crops each season. Motivations Return migration to the original home by migrants living in their new home can be motivated by numero ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Migration Letters
''Migration Letters'' is an international triannual (Jan.-May-Sep.) peer-reviewed academic journal of migration studies published by Transnational Press London since 2004. Topics covered range from internal migration to transnational mobility and from voluntary to forced migration. ''Migration Letters'' is indexed and abstracted by the International Bibliography of the Social Sciences The International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS) is a bibliography for social science and interdisciplinary research. The database focuses on the social science disciplines of anthropology, economics, politics and sociology, and rela .... The current co-editors are Ibrahim Sirkeci, Jeffrey Cohen, Elli Heikkilä, and Carla De Tona. Notable contributors to the journal include Ron J. Johnston ( Victoria Medal in Geography, 1990), Caroline Brettell, Gordon F. De Jong, Philip L. Martin and Thomas Faist. Thomas Faist (2007) Transnationalisation and Development(s): Towards a North-South Pers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Creolization
Creolization is the process through which creole languages and cultures emerge. Creolization was first used by linguists to explain how contact languages become creole languages, but now scholars in other social sciences use the term to describe new cultural expressions brought about by contact between societies and relocated peoples. Creolization is traditionally used to refer to the Caribbean, although it is not exclusive to the Caribbean and some scholars use the term to represent other diasporas. Furthermore, creolization occurs when participants select cultural elements that may become part of inherited culture. Sociologist Robin Cohen writes that creolization occurs when “participants select particular elements from incoming or inherited cultures, endow these with meanings different from those they possessed in the original cultures, and then creatively merge these to create new varieties that supersede the prior forms.” Beginning According to Charles Stewart, the conc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multilingualism
Multilingualism is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers. When the languages are just two, it is usually called bilingualism. It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world's population. More than half of all Europeans claim to speak at least one language other than their mother tongue; but many read and write in one language. Being multilingual is advantageous for people wanting to participate in trade, globalization and cultural openness. Owing to the ease of access to information facilitated by the Internet, individuals' exposure to multiple languages has become increasingly possible. People who speak several languages are also called '' polyglots''. Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood, the so-called first language (L1). The first language (sometimes also referred to as the mother tongue) is usually acquired without formal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hybridity
Hybridity, in its most basic sense, refers to mixture. The term originates from biology and was subsequently employed in linguistics and in racial theory in the nineteenth century. Young, Robert. ''Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race'', 1995, Putnam, . Its contemporary uses are scattered across numerous academic disciplines and is salient in popular culture.pp.106-136. Hutnyk, John. ‘Adorno at Womad: South Asian crossovers and the limits of hybridity-talk’, in ''Debating Cultural Hybridity'', ed. by Tariq Modood and Pnina Werbner, 1997, Zed Books, . Hybridity is used in discourses about race, postcolonialism, identity, anti-racism and multiculturalism, and globalization, developed from its roots as a biological term. In biology In biology, a hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different varieties, species or genera through sexual reproduction. Generally, it means that each cell has genetic material from two d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Internal Migration
Internal migration or domestic migration is human migration within a country. Internal migration tends to be travel for education and for economic improvement or because of a natural disaster or civil disturbance, though a study based on the full formal economy of the United States found that the median post-move rise in income was only 1%. A general trend of rural-to-urban migration, in a process described as urbanization, urbanisation, has also produced a form of internal migration. Internal migration is often contrasted with cross-border or international migration. History Many countries have experienced massive internal migration. * The United States has experienced the following major migrations: ** A massive internal migration from the eastern states Westward Expansion Trails, toward the west coast during the mid-19th century. ** Three waves of large-scale migration of African Americans: first from the agricultural south to the industrialized northeast and midwest in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Graeme Dunphy
Graeme Dunphy (born 1961) is a British professor of translation. Biography Dunphy was born in Glasgow in 1961. He studied German at the University of Stirling between 1979 and 1984, and Hebrew and the Old Testament at the University of St Andrews between 1984 and 1987. He completed his PhD in medieval German literature in 1998. Career Dunphy is a professor of translation at the University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt. He was formerly a lecturer in English at the University of Regensburg from 1993 till 2013, and also taught at the Open University and the University of London via the open access programme. His work focuses primarily on German world chronicles, such as the Annolied, Kaiserchronik, Jans der Enikel, Christherre-Chronik, and Rudolf von Ems, among others. He has also worked on German Baroque literature ( Martin Opitz and Melchior Goldast) and modern migrant literature ( Meera Syal, Rafik Schami, Sevtap Baycılı, Halil Gür, Şinasi Dikme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rafik Schami
Rafik Schami () (born Suheil Fadel ()Clauer, Markus (n.d.) (trans. by Jonathan Uhlaner) Goethe Institut. 23 June 1946) is a Syrian-German author, storyteller and critic. Biography Born in Syria in 1946, Schami is the son of a baker from a Christian Aramean (Syriac) family. His family originated from the town of Maaloula. After attending a monastery boarding school in Lebanon, he studied chemistry, mathematics, and physics in Damascus. In 1970, he left Syria for Lebanon to evade censorship and the military draft; the following year, he moved to Germany. There, Schami continued his studies in chemistry while working odd jobs, obtaining a doctorate in 1979. From 1965, Schami began writing stories in Arabic. From 1964 to 1970, he was the co-founder and editor of the wall news-sheet ''Al-Muntalak'' (''The Starting-Point'') in the old quarter of Damascus. Later in Germany, in his spare time, he co-founded the literary group Südwind in 1980 and was part of the PoLiKunst movement. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kahlil Gibran
Gibran Khalil Gibran (January 6, 1883 – April 10, 1931), usually referred to in English as Kahlil Gibran, was a Lebanese-American writer, poet and Visual arts, visual artist; he was also considered a philosopher, although he himself rejected the title. He is best known as the author of ''The Prophet (book), The Prophet'', which was first published in the United States in 1923 and has since become one of the List of best-selling books, best-selling books of all time, having been Translations of The Prophet, translated into more than 100 languages. Born in Bsharri, a village of the Ottoman-ruled Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate to a Maronites, Maronite Christian family, young Gibran immigrated with his mother and siblings to the United States in 1895. As his mother worked as a seamstress, he was enrolled at a school in Boston, where his creative abilities were quickly noticed by a teacher who presented him to photographer and publisher F. Holland Day. Gibran was sent back to his n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
