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Michalina Mościcka
Michalina Mościcka (née Czyżewska; 20 December 1871 – 18 August 1932) was a Polish politician and activist who was the First Lady of Poland as the wife of Ignacy Mościcki from 1926 until her death. She advocated for women's rights and History of Poland (1918–1939), Polish independence, organised charities for destitute children and flood victims, and managed medical aid to Poland in WWI, Polish soldiers during World War I. Early life Mościcka was born into an impoverished noble family. She was the daughter of the owner of a small manor and clerk, Aleksander Fortunat Czyżewski and Agnieszka Czyżewska (née Mościcka). She graduated from a gymnasium in Płock and was later certified as a teacher. In 1892, she married her cousin, Ignacy Mościcki. They took part in conspiratorial activities against Russian officials and Mościcka manufactured and smuggled nitroglycerin used in attacks, delivering it to given addresses hidden in baskets. After her husband was threatene ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Klice
Klice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Regimin, within Ciechanów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Regimin, north-west of Ciechanów, and north of Warsaw. References Villages in Ciechanów County {{Ciechanów-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Lemberg (1918)
The Battle of Lemberg (Lviv, Lwów) (in Polish historiography called ', the Defense of Lwów) took place from November 1918 to May 1919 in the region of Galicia following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The battle, for control over the city of Lviv, was fought between forces of the local West Ukrainian People's Republic and urban Polish resistance, assisted later by the invading Polish military. The battle sparked the Polish-Ukrainian War, ultimately won by Poland as both nations fought the Ukrainian-Soviet War and Polish-Soviet Wars concurrently. Background The modern city of Lviv was called ''Lviv'' by the Ukrainians, ''Lwów'' by the Poles, and ''Lemberg'' by the Austrians and is the largest city in the historical region of eastern Galicia. According to the Austrian census of 1910, which listed religion and language, 52% of the city's population were Roman Catholics, 31% Jews, and 15% were Greek Catholics. Linguistically, 86% of the city's population us ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aleksandra Piłsudska
Aleksandra Piłsudska ( Szczerbińska; 12 December 1882 – 31 March 1963) was a Polish socialist and independence activist, member of Polish Socialist Party and Polish Military Organisation, the second wife of Józef Piłsudski. Life and career Aleksandra was born in Suwałki, in the Suwałki Governorate, Russian Empire (now in Poland), and was the seventh child of Piotr Paweł and Julia Jadwiga (née Zahorska). Her father was a townsman, and her mother came from the nobility, but both their families were relatively poor. Aleksandra's parents died when she was ten years old, and the orphan was raised by her grandmother, Karolina Zahorska (née Truskolaska), and her aunt, Wiktoria Maria Zahorska. She attended '' gymnasium'', the equivalent of high school, in Suwałki, graduating in 1901, and soon began her studies at the Flying University. In 1903, she began working in the office of the Homa leather factory, located in the Wola district of Warsaw. In 1904, she joined the P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liszna, Sanok County
Liszna is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sanok, within Sanok County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Sanok and south of the regional capital Rzeszów Rzeszów ( , ) is the largest city in southeastern Poland. It is located on both sides of the Wisłok River in the heartland of the Sandomierz Basin. Rzeszów is the capital of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship and the county seat, seat of Rzeszów C .... References Villages in Sanok County {{Sanok-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Związek Pracy Obywatelskiej Kobiet
Związek Pracy Obywatelskiej Kobiet (ZPOK) was a Polish women's organisation. It was founded in 1928 by Józef Piłsudski Józef Klemens Piłsudski (; 5 December 1867 – 12 May 1935) was a Polish statesman who served as the Chief of State (Poland), Chief of State (1918–1922) and first Marshal of Poland (from 1920). In the aftermath of World War I, he beca ... to encourage women's greater participation in public life. References * Organizacje kobiece w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym. W: Kamilla Łozowska-Marcinkowska: Sprawy niewieście. Problematyka czasopism kobiecych Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej . Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 2010, s. 40. . ( pol. ) {{DEFAULTSORT:Związek Pracy Obywatelskiej Kobiet Feminist organisations in Poland 1928 establishments in Poland Organizations established in 1928 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nursery School
A preschool (sometimes spelled as pre school or pre-school), also known as nursery school, pre-primary school, play school, is an educational establishment or learning space offering early childhood education to children before they begin compulsory education at primary school. It may be publicly or privately operated, and may be subsidized from public funds. The typical age range for preschool in most countries is from 2 to 6 years. Terminology Terminology varies by country. In some European countries the term "kindergarten" refers to formal education of children classified as '' ISCED level 0'' – with one or several years of such education being compulsory – before children start primary school at ''ISCED level 1''. The following terms may be used for educational institutions for this age group: *Pre-primary or creche from 6 weeks old to 6 years old – is an educational childcare service a parent can enroll their child(ren) in before primary school. This can also be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orphan
An orphan is a child whose parents have died, are unknown, or have permanently abandoned them. It can also refer to a child who has lost only one parent, as the Hebrew language, Hebrew translation, for example, is "fatherless". In some languages, such as Swedish language, Swedish, the term is "parentless" and more ambiguous about whether the parents are dead, unknown or absconded, but typically refers to a child or younger adult. In common usage, only a child who has lost both parents due to death is called an orphan. When referring to animals, only the mother's condition is usually relevant (i.e., if the female parent has gone, the offspring is an orphan, regardless of the father's condition). Definitions Various groups use different definitions to identify orphans. One legal definition used in the United States is a minor (law), minor bereft through "death or disappearance of, abandonment or desertion by, or separation or loss from, both parents". In everyday use, an orphan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
May Coup (Poland)
The May Coup ( or ) was a coup d'état carried out in Poland by Marshal Józef Piłsudski from 12 to 14 May 1926. The attack of Piłsudski's supporters on government forces resulted in the overthrow of the democratically-elected government of President Stanisław Wojciechowski and Prime Minister Wincenty Witos and caused hundreds of fatalities. A new government was installed, headed by Kazimierz Bartel. Ignacy Mościcki became president. Piłsudski remained the dominant politician in Poland until his death in 1935. Background Józef Piłsudski, who controlled politics in the reestablished Polish state to a considerable degree, had lost his advantage in the aftermath of the failed Kiev offensive of spring 1920.Andrzej Chwalba, ''Przegrane zwycięstwo. Wojna polsko-bolszewicka 1918–1920'' he Lost Victory: Polish–Bolshevik War 1918–1920 Wydawnictwo Czarne, Wołowiec 2020, , p. 296. He retained high esteem in segments of the armed forces that originated from his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Józef Piłsudski
Józef Klemens Piłsudski (; 5 December 1867 – 12 May 1935) was a Polish statesman who served as the Chief of State (Poland), Chief of State (1918–1922) and first Marshal of Poland (from 1920). In the aftermath of World War I, he became an increasingly dominant figure in Polish politics and exerted significant influence on shaping the country's foreign policy. Piłsudski is viewed as a father of the Second Polish Republic, which was re-established in 1918, 123 years after the final partition of Poland in 1795, and was considered ''de facto'' leader (1926–1935) of the Second Republic as the Minister of Military Affairs (Poland), Minister of Military Affairs. Seeing himself as a descendant of the culture and traditions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Piłsudski believed in a multi-ethnic Poland—"a home of nations" including indigenous ethnic and religious minorities. Early in his political career, Piłsudski became a leader of the Polish Socialist Party. Bel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski
Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski (; 9 June 1885, Gąbin – 31 August 1962 London) was a Polish physician, general, and politician who served as Ministry of Interior and Administration (Poland), Minister of Internal Affairs and as the 28th Prime Minister of Poland before and at the outbreak of World War II.Waclaw Jedrzejewicz ''Piłsudski: A Life for Poland'' Hippocrene, 1982 Page 246 Składkowski studied medicine at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, graduating in 1911. He then worked as a physician in Sosnowiec. He fought in the Polish Legions in World War I and later in the Polish–Soviet War. In 1924, as a brigadier general, he was appointed head of the Polish military health service by Józef Piłsudski. After the May Coup (Poland), May Coup of 1926, Składkowski served as Minister of the Interior, a post he held (with one short break) until June 1931. After that, he was appointed Deputy Minister of War. On 13 May 1936 Składkowski became Prime MinisterNorman Davies ''W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish Women's League
Polish Women's League (Polish: Liga Kobiet Polskich) is a Polish women's organisation. Two organizations with the name Women's League were founded in 1913 and 1915 respectively, which united to become a single national Women's League, active from 1918–1939. The Women's League was re-founded in 2001. First Polish Women's League Polish Women's League originated in two separate women's organisations, with similar names: the ''League of Polish Women of the War Ambulance'' (Polish: Liga Kobiet Polskich Pogotowia Wojennego), founded in 1913, and the ''League of Women in Galicia and Silesia'' (Polish: Liga Kobiet Galicji i Śląska), founded in 1915, both commonly called "Liga Kobiet" or Women's League. The Women's League of 1913 was founded by Izabela Moszczeńska, Jadwigi Marcinowskiej, Teresy Ciszkiewiczowej and Heleny Ceysingerówny in Warsaw, which was then the Russian part of Poland. It worked to unite Polish women for the nation's independence. In 1914–1916, it created ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
