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Meter über Meer
Metres above the Sea (German: ''Meter über Meer (m ü. M.)'') is the vertical datum used in Switzerland. Both the system and the term are also used in the Principality of Liechtenstein. Use In Switzerland, levelled heights from the Swiss national levelling network 1902 (LN 02) are used as official heights without compensation for gravity. The reference point for the Swiss national height network is the Pierres du Niton ( French: ''Neptune's Stones''), a pair of unusual rocks in the harbour of Lake Geneva. That height is defined from the average height of the Marégraphe in Marseille, the reference point for height data in France, and rounded to 373.6 m. The height was only measured accurately in 1902. As the height of the Pierres du Niton had been inaccurately measured in 1845 as being 376.86 meters, height information relating to this ''old horizon'' (for example in the '' Siegfried Map'' and the ''Dufour Map'', both of them widely used) is 3.26 m higher than tod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Austria
Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine Federal states of Austria, states, of which the capital Vienna is the List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city and state. Austria is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The country occupies an area of and has Austrians, a population of around 9 million. The area of today's Austria has been inhabited since at least the Paleolithic, Paleolithic period. Around 400 BC, it was inhabited by the Celts and then annexed by the Roman Empire, Romans in the late 1st century BC. Christianization in the region began in the 4th and 5th centuries, during the late Western Roman Empire, Roman period, followed by the arrival of numerous Germanic tribes during the Migration Period. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vertical Datums
Vertical is a geometric term of location which may refer to: * Vertical direction, the direction aligned with the direction of the force of gravity, up or down * Vertical (angles), a pair of angles opposite each other, formed by two intersecting straight lines that form an "X" * Interval (music)#Melodic and harmonic, Vertical (music), a musical interval where the two notes sound simultaneously * "Vertical", a type of wine tasting in which different vintages of the same wine type from the same winery are tasted * Vertical Aerospace, stylised as "Vertical", British aerospace manufacturer * Vertical kilometer, a discipline of skyrunning * Vertical market, a market in which vendors offer goods and services specific to an industry * Vertical integration, a management term describing a style of ownership and control Media * Vertical (film), ''Vertical'' (film), a 1967 Soviet movie starring Vladimir Vysotsky * Vertical (Sledge Hammer!), "Vertical" (''Sledge Hammer!''), 1987 television e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Normalhöhennull
' (, "standard elevation zero") or NHN is a vertical datum used in Germany. In geographical terms, NHN is the reference plane for the normal height of a topographical eminence height above mean sea level used in the 1932 German Mean Height Reference System ('). The plane is in the shape of a quasi- geoid. The reference height is a geodetic, fixed point on the New Church of St. Alexander at Wallenhorst in the German state of Lower Saxony. The geopotential height of this point was calculated in 1986 as part of the United European Levelling Network (UELN), based on the Amsterdam Ordnance Datum. Definition The NHN plane is a theoretical reference plane. It is derived by deducting normal heights from the normal plumb line. The difference between the resulting quasi-geoid and the reference ellipsoid is called the height anomaly or quasi-geoid height. Change-over from NN to NHN Since 1 January 2000 the whole of Germany has changed its height system over to normal height ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metre
The metre (or meter in US spelling; symbol: m) is the base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI). Since 2019, the metre has been defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of of a second, where the second is defined by a hyperfine transition frequency of caesium. The metre was originally defined in 1791 by the French National Assembly as one ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the North Pole along a great circle, so the Earth's polar circumference is approximately . In 1799, the metre was redefined in terms of a prototype metre bar. The bar used was changed in 1889, and in 1960 the metre was redefined in terms of a certain number of wavelengths of a certain emission line of krypton-86. The current definition was adopted in 1983 and modified slightly in 2002 to clarify that the metre is a measure of proper length. From 1983 until 2019, the metre was formally defined as the length of the pat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zimmerwald Observatory
The Zimmerwald Observatory () is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by the AIUB, the Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern. Built in 1956, it is located at Zimmerwald, 10 kilometers south of Bern, Switzerland. Numerous comets and asteroids have been discovered by Paul Wild (1925–2014) at Zimmerwald Observatory, most notably comet 81P/Wild, which was visited by NASA's Stardust space probe in 2004. The main belt asteroid 1775 Zimmerwald has been named after the location of the observatory. The 1-meter aperture ZIMLAT telescope was inaugurated in 1997. See also * List of largest optical reflecting telescopes This list of the largest optical reflecting telescopes with Objective (optics), objective diameters of or greater is sorted by aperture, which is a measure of the light-gathering power and resolution of a reflecting telescope. The mirrors themse ... * Swiss Space Office References External links Zimmerwald Observatory Astronomical ob ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geoid
The geoid ( ) is the shape that the ocean surface would take under the influence of the gravity of Earth, including gravitational attraction and Earth's rotation, if other influences such as winds and tides were absent. This surface is extended through the continents (such as might be approximated with very narrow hypothetical canals). According to Carl Friedrich Gauss, who first described it, it is the "mathematical figure of the Earth", a smooth but irregular surface whose shape results from the uneven distribution of mass within and on the surface of Earth. It can be known only through extensive gravitational measurements and calculations. Despite being an important concept for almost 200 years in the history of geodesy and geophysics, it has been defined to high precision only since advances in satellite geodesy in the late 20th century. The geoid is often expressed as a geoid undulation or geoidal height above a given reference ellipsoid, which is a slightly flattene ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orthometric Height
The orthometric height (symbol ''H'') is the vertical distance along the plumb line from a point of interest to a reference surface known as the ''geoid'', the vertical datum that approximates mean sea level. Orthometric height is one of the scientific formalizations of a layman's " height above sea level", along with other types of heights in Geodesy. In the US, the current NAVD88 datum is tied to a defined elevation at one point rather than to any location's exact mean sea level. Orthometric heights are usually used in the US for engineering work, although dynamic height may be chosen for large-scale hydrological purposes. Heights for measured points are shown on National Geodetic Survey data sheets, data that was gathered over many decades by precise spirit leveling over thousands of miles. Alternatives to orthometric height include dynamic height and normal height, and various countries may choose to operate with those definitions instead of orthometric. They may also ad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gravitational Potential
In classical mechanics, the gravitational potential is a scalar potential associating with each point in space the work (energy transferred) per unit mass that would be needed to move an object to that point from a fixed reference point in the conservative gravitational field. It is analogous to the electric potential with mass playing the role of charge. The reference point, where the potential is zero, is by convention infinitely far away from any mass, resulting in a negative potential at any finite distance. Their similarity is correlated with both associated fields having conservative forces. Mathematically, the gravitational potential is also known as the Newtonian potential and is fundamental in the study of potential theory. It may also be used for solving the electrostatic and magnetostatic fields generated by uniformly charged or polarized ellipsoidal bodies. Potential energy The gravitational potential (''V'') at a location is the gravitational potential ener ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Federal Office For Metrology And Survey
The Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying of Austria (, BEV) is the body responsible for official surveying, geo-information and weights and measures (metrology) in Austria. It belongs to the ' (Federal Ministry of the Economy Location and Digitization). Its headquarters is in Vienna Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ... and it has 67 branches spread across all the Austrian federal states. at www.bev.gv.at. Accessed on 30 Dec 10. List of Surveying offices [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metres Above The Adriatic
Metres above the Adriatic (, , Serbo-Croatian: ''Metara iznad Jadrana'') is the vertical datum used in Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia to measure elevation, referring to the average water level of the Adriatic Sea at the Sartorio mole in the Port of Trieste. Gauge The gauging station in the Port of Trieste was established in 1875 by the local observatory run by the military geographical institute of the Austro-Hungarian Army. The average water surface elevation at Molo Sartorio became the datum valid for the whole Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Whilst the former Yugoslavian states still use it, the Eastern Bloc successor states of Austria-Hungary like Hungary and Czechoslovakia after World War II switched to the Kronstadt Gauge of the Baltic Sea, which is higher. Whilst for Austria the 1875 gauge is used as the datum, the states of former Yugoslavia use the 1900 gauge (''Nadmorska visina, m/nv''). In Alb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dufour Map
{{disambiguation ...
Dufour or ''variant'', may refer to: *Dufour (surname) Places *Dufourspitze or Dufour's peak, in the Swiss Alps * Julia Dufour, a village and municipality in Santa Cruz Province, Argentina Other uses * 1961 Dufour, main-belt asteroid *Dufour Auditorium, a concert hall in Saguenay, Quebec, Canada * Dufour Yachts, French sailboat manufacturer *Dufour's gland, an abdominal gland of certain insects * Dufour effect, the energy flux due to a mass concentration gradient See also * Dufour-Lapointe, a surname * Four (other) * Joseph Dufour et Cie, French wallpaper and fabrics manufacturer * DE 4, Delaware Route 4 * (23466) 1990 DU4, asteroid *DU-4, an acupuncture point Acupuncture is a form of alternative medicine and a component of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in which thin needles are inserted into the body. Acupuncture is a pseudoscience; the theories and practices of TCM are not based on scientif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
