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Metasurface
An electromagnetic metasurface refers to a kind of artificial sheet material with sub-wavelength features. Metasurfaces can be either structured or unstructured with subwavelength-scaled patterns. In electromagnetic theory, metasurfaces modulate the behaviors of electromagnetic waves through specific boundary conditions rather than constitutive parameters (such as refractive index) in three-dimensional (3D) space, which is commonly exploited in natural materials and metamaterials. Metasurfaces may also refer to the two-dimensional counterparts of metamaterials. There are also 2.5D metasurfaces that involve the third dimension as additional degree of freedom for tailoring their functionality. Definitions Metasurfaces have been defined in several ways by researchers. 1, “An alternative approach that has gained increasing attention in recent years deals with one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) plasmonic arrays with subwavelength periodicity, also known as metasurfaces. Due to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metamaterials
A metamaterial (from the Greek word μετά ''meta'', meaning "beyond" or "after", and the Latin word ''materia'', meaning "matter" or "material") is a type of material engineered to have a property, typically rarely observed in naturally occurring materials, that is derived not from the properties of the base materials but from their newly designed structures. Metamaterials are usually fashioned from multiple materials, such as metals and plastics, and are usually arranged in repeating patterns, at scales that are smaller than the wavelengths of the phenomena they influence. Their precise shape, geometry, size, orientation, and arrangement give them their "smart" properties of manipulating electromagnetic, acoustic, or even seismic waves: by blocking, absorbing, enhancing, or bending waves, to achieve benefits that go beyond what is possible with conventional materials. Appropriately designed metamaterials can affect waves of electromagnetic radiation or sound in a manner not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radar Cross-section
Radar cross-section (RCS), denoted σ, also called radar signature, is a measure of how detectable an object is by radar. A larger RCS indicates that an object is more easily detected. An object reflects a limited amount of radar energy back to the source. The factors that influence this include: *the material with which the target is made; *the size of the target relative to the wavelength of the illuminating radar signal; *the absolute size of the target; *the incident angle (angle at which the radar beam hits a particular portion of the target, which depends upon the shape of the target and its orientation to the radar source); *the reflected angle (angle at which the reflected beam leaves the part of the target hit; it depends upon incident angle); *the polarization of the radiation transmitted and received with respect to the orientation of the target. While important in detecting targets, strength of emitter and distance are not factors that affect the calculation o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stealth Technology
Stealth technology, also termed low observable technology (LO technology), is a sub-discipline of military tactics and passive and active electronic countermeasures. The term covers a range of military technology, methods used to make personnel, Stealth aircraft, aircraft, Stealth ship, ships, submarines, missiles, satellites, and Stealth ground vehicle, ground vehicles less visible (ideally invisible) to radar, Thermographic camera, infrared, sonar and other detection methods. It corresponds to military camouflage for these parts of the electromagnetic spectrum (i.e., multi-spectral camouflage). Development of modern stealth technologies in the United States began in 1958, where earlier attempts to prevent radar tracking of its Lockheed U-2, U-2 spy planes during the Cold War by the Soviet Union had been unsuccessful. Designers turned to developing a specific shape for planes that tended to reduce detection by redirecting electromagnetic radiation waves from radars. Radiation-a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kinoform
A kinoform is a type of computer-generated converging lens that is able to efficiently focus light to a point. They typically use holography to reproduce the optical phase profile of a normal converging lens, albeit on a flat surface. They can be used in areas such as focusing x-ray radiation, or in the study of nanomaterials. Diamond is often used in kinoform lenses as it has a high thermal conductivity. Higher chromatic aberration is a common drawback. See also *Metasurface An electromagnetic metasurface refers to a kind of artificial sheet material with sub-wavelength features. Metasurfaces can be either structured or unstructured with subwavelength-scaled patterns. In electromagnetic theory, metasurfaces modulate ... Further reading *A.F. Isakovic, A. Stein, J.B. Warren, S. Narayanan, M. Sprung, A.R. Sandy, K. Evans-Lutterodt, "''Diamond Kinoform Hard X-ray Refractive Lenses: Design, Nanofabrication and Testing,''" J. Synch. Rad., 16, 8 (2009). References X-rays ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Optical Waveguides
An optical waveguide is a physical structure that guides electromagnetic waves in the optical spectrum. Common types of optical waveguides include optical fiber waveguides, transparent dielectric waveguides made of plastic and glass, liquid light guides, and liquid waveguides. Optical waveguides are used as components in integrated optical circuits or as the transmission medium in local and long-haul optical communication systems. They can also be used in optical head-mounted displays in augmented reality. Optical waveguides can be classified according to their geometry (planar, strip, or fiber waveguides), mode structure ( single-mode, multi-mode), refractive index distribution (step or gradient index), and material (glass, polymer, semiconductor). Total internal reflection The basic principles behind optical waveguides can be described using the concepts of geometrical or ray optics, as illustrated in the diagram. Light passing into a medium with higher refractive inde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jones Matrix
In optics, polarized light can be described using the Jones calculus, invented by R. C. Jones in 1941. Polarized light is represented by a Jones vector, and linear optical elements are represented by ''Jones matrices''. When light crosses an optical element the resulting polarization of the emerging light is found by taking the product of the Jones matrix of the optical element and the Jones vector of the incident light. Note that Jones calculus is only applicable to light that is already fully polarized. Light which is randomly polarized, partially polarized, or incoherent must be treated using Mueller calculus. Jones vector The Jones vector describes the polarization of light in free space or another homogeneous isotropic non-attenuating medium, where the light can be properly described as transverse waves. Suppose that a monochromatic plane wave of light is travelling in the positive ''z''-direction, with angular frequency ''ω'' and wave vector k = (0,0,''k''), where the wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ptychography
Ptychography (/t(a)ɪˈkɒgrəfi/ t(a)i-KO-graf-ee) is a computational microscopy method and a major advance of Coherent diffraction imaging, coherent diffractive imaging (CDI), which was first experimentally demonstrated in 1999 using synchrotron X-rays and iterative phase retrieval. It unifies principles from microscopy, microscopy and crystallography, crystallography to reconstruct high-resolution, quantitative images by analyzing a series of overlapping coherent diffraction patterns acquired as a focused beam is scanned across the sample. Its defining characteristic is translational Invariant (physics), invariance, which means that the interference patterns are generated by one constant function (e.g. a field of illumination or an aperture, aperture stop) moving Geometric terms of location, laterally by a known amount with respect to another constant function (the specimen itself or a wave field). The interference patterns occur some distance away from these two components, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
