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Matthew Effect
The Matthew effect, sometimes called the Matthew principle or cumulative advantage, is the tendency of individuals to accrue social or economic success in proportion to their initial level of popularity, friends, and wealth. It is sometimes summarized by the adage or platitude "the rich get richer and the poor get poorer". Also termed the "Matthew effect of accumulated advantage", taking its name from the Parable of the Talents in the biblical Gospel of Matthew, it was coined by sociologists Robert K. Merton and Harriet Zuckerman in 1968. Early studies of Matthew effects were primarily concerned with the inequality in the way scientists were recognized for their work. However, Norman W. Storer, of Columbia University, led a new wave of research. He believed he discovered that the inequality that existed in the social sciences also existed in other institutions. Later, in network science, a form of the Matthew effect was discovered in internet networks and called preferential attac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
King James Bible 1772 - Matthew 25 (2) (cropped)
King is a royal title given to a male monarch. A king is an Absolute monarchy, absolute monarch if he holds unrestricted Government, governmental power or exercises full sovereignty over a nation. Conversely, he is a Constitutional monarchy, constitutional monarch if his power is restrained by fixed laws. Kings are Hereditary monarchy, hereditary monarchs when they inherit power by birthright and Elective monarchy, elective monarchs when chosen to ascend the throne. *In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contemporary indigenous peoples, the title may refer to tribal kingship. Germanic kingship is cognate with Indo-European languages, Indo-European traditions of tribal rulership (cf. Indic ''rājan'', Gothic ''reiks'', and Old Irish ''rí'', etc.). *In the context of classical antiquity, king may translate in Latin as ''rex (king), rex'' and in Greek as ''archon'' or ''basileus''. *In classical European feudalism, the title of ''king'' as the ruler of a ''kingdom'' is und ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Udny Yule
George Udny Yule, CBE, FRS (18 February 1871 – 26 June 1951), usually known as Udny Yule, was a British statistician, particularly known for the Yule distribution and proposing the preferential attachment model for random graphs. Personal life Yule was born at Beech Hill, a house in Morham near Haddington, Scotland and died in Cambridge, England. He came from a Scottish family composed of army officers, civil servants, scholars, and administrators. His father, Sir George Udny Yule (1813–1886) was a brother of the noted orientalist Sir Henry Yule (1820–1889). His great-uncle was the botanist John Yule. In 1899, Yule married May Winifred Cummings. The marriage was annulled in 1912, producing no children.annulment: Yates, 1952 Education and teaching Udny Yule was educated at Winchester College and at the age of 16 at University College London where he read engineering. After a year in Bonn doing research in experimental physics under Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, Yule ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anthony Kelly (academic)
Anthony Elliott-Kelly FAcSS, or Anthony Kelly and commonly known as Tony Kelly, is an Irish academic who is currently Professor of Education at the University of Southampton, England. Education and career Kelly attended secondary school at Marist College, Athlone, and attended the National University of Ireland, Queens' College, Cambridge and Trinity College, Cambridge. He previously worked at the University of Cambridge with Mel West, and before that was a headteacher in Ireland. His background is in applied mathematics and theoretical physics. He is a fellow of the Institute of Physics and of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications, organizations devoted to improving education and research. In 2013 he was elected as an Academician of the Academy of Social Sciences. He was a leading figure in the movement to integrate and rationalise education in the Irish border region where he developed new governance structures. Kelly was well known in Ireland because of his w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Keith Stanovich
Keith E. Stanovich (born 1950) is an American research scientist and psychologist. He is an Emeritus Professor of Applied Psychology and Human Development at the University of Toronto and former Canada Research Chair of Applied Cognitive Science. His primary research areas are the psychology of reasoning and the psychology of reading. Stanovich has been acknowledged by his peers as one of the most influential cognitive psychologists in the world. His 2009 book ''What Intelligence Tests Miss'' won the 2010 Grawemeyer Award in Education. In 2012, Stanovich received the E. L. Thorndike Career Achievement Award from the American Psychological Association (APA). He is a fellow at the APA, the American Psychological Society, and the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Education Stanovich initially studied physics in university and only became drawn to psychology when he earned money serving as a paid subject in psychology experiments. He went on to obtain a bachelor of arts from Ohio Sta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stigler's Law Of Eponymy
Stigler's law of eponymy, proposed by University of Chicago statistics professor Stephen Stigler in his 1980 publication "Stigler's law of eponymy", states that "no scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer." Examples include Hubble's law, which was derived by Georges Lemaître two years before Edwin Hubble; the Pythagorean theorem, which was known to Babylonian mathematicians before Pythagoras; and Halley's Comet, which was observed by astronomers since at least 240 BC (although its official designation is due to the first ever mathematical prediction of such astronomical phenomenon in the sky, not to its discovery). Stigler attributed the discovery of Stigler's law to sociologist Robert K. Merton, from whom Stigler stole credit so that it would be an example of the law. The same observation had previously also been made by many others. Derivation Historical acclaim for discoveries is often assigned to persons of note who bring attention to an idea that i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stephen Stigler
Stephen Mack Stigler (born August 10, 1941) is the Ernest DeWitt Burton Distinguished Service Professor at the Department of Statistics of the University of Chicago. He has authored several books on the history of statistics; he is the son of the economist George Stigler. Stigler is also known for Stigler's law of eponymy which states that no scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer – whose first formulation he credits to sociologist Robert K. Merton. Biography Stigler was born in Minneapolis. He received his Ph.D. in 1967 from the University of California, Berkeley. His dissertation was on linear functions of order statistics, and his advisor was Lucien Le Cam. His research has focused on statistical theory of robust estimators and the history of statistics. Stigler taught at University of Wisconsin–Madison until 1979 when he joined the University of Chicago. In 2006, he was elected to membership of the American Philosophical Society, and is a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Graduate Student
Postgraduate education, graduate education, or graduate school consists of Academic degree, academic or professional degrees, certificates, diplomas, or other qualifications usually pursued by higher education, post-secondary students who have earned an undergraduate education, undergraduate (Bachelor's degree, bachelor's) degree. The organization and structure of postgraduate education varies in different countries, as well as in different institutions within countries. The term "graduate school" or "grad school" is typically used in North America, while "postgraduate" is more common in the rest of the English-speaking world. Graduate degrees can include master's degree, master's and doctorate, doctoral degrees, and other qualifications such as graduate certificate, graduate diplomas, certificates and professional degrees. A distinction is typically made between graduate schools (where courses of study vary in the degree to which they provide training for a particular profess ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harriet Anne Zuckerman
Harriet Anne Zuckerman (born July 19, 1937) is an American sociologist and professor emerita of Columbia University. Zuckerman specializes in the sociology of science. She is known for her work on the social organization of science, scientific elites, the accumulation of advantage, the Matthew effect, and the phenomenon of multiple discovery. Zuckerman served as the Senior Vice President of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation from 1991 to 2010, overseeing the Foundation's grant program in support of research, libraries and universities. She is known as an authority for her studies of educational programs, and her support of research universities, scholarship in the humanities, graduate educational programs, research libraries, and other centers for advanced study. Education Harriet Zuckerman received her A.B. degree from Vassar College in 1958 and her Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1965. She held a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship from 1958 to 1959. Career Zuckerman was a lectu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bradford's Law
Bradford's law is a pattern first described by Samuel C. Bradford in 1934 that estimates the exponentially diminishing returns of searching for references in science journals. One formulation is that if journals in a field are sorted by number of articles into three groups, each with about one-third of all articles, then the number of journals in each group will be proportional to 1:n:n2. There are a number of related formulations of the principle. In many disciplines, this pattern is called a Pareto distribution. As a practical example, suppose that a researcher has five core scientific journals for his or her subject. Suppose that in a month there are 12 articles of interest in those journals. Suppose further that in order to find another dozen articles of interest, the researcher would have to go to an additional 10 journals. Then that researcher's Bradford multiplier ''b''''m'' is 2 (i.e. 10/5). For each new dozen articles, that researcher will need to look in ''b''''m'' ti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lotka's Law
Lotka's law, named after Alfred J. Lotka, is one of a variety of special applications of Zipf's law. It describes the frequency of publication by authors in any given field. Definition Let X be the number of publications, Y be the number of authors with X publications, and k be a constant depending on the specific field. Lotka's law states that Y \propto X^. In Lotka's original publication, he claimed k=2. Subsequent research showed that k varies depending on the discipline. Equivalently, Lotka's law can be stated as Y' \propto X^, where Y' is the number of authors with ''at least'' X publications. Their equivalence can be proved by taking the derivative. Example Assume that n=2 in a discipline, then as the number of articles published increases, authors producing that many publications become less frequent. There are 1/4 as many authors publishing two articles within a specified time period as there are single-publication authors, 1/9 as many publishing three articles, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scale-free Network
A scale-free network is a network whose degree distribution follows a power law, at least asymptotically. That is, the fraction ''P''(''k'') of nodes in the network having ''k'' connections to other nodes goes for large values of ''k'' as : P(k) \ \sim \ k^\boldsymbol where \gamma is a parameter whose value is typically in the range 2<\gamma<3 (wherein the second moment ( scale parameter) of is infinite but the first moment is finite), although occasionally it may lie outside these bounds. The name "scale-free" could be explained by the fact that some moments of the degree distribution are not defined, so that the network does not have a characteristic scale or "size". and the [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Derek J
''Fashion Queens'' is an American fashion-based talk show that aired on Bravo (American TV network), Bravo. The series premiered on March 17, 2013, with a three-week trial run. ''Fashion Queens'' is hosted by Bevy Smith, Derek J, and Miss Lawrence. Derek J and Miss Lawrence both made several appearances on ''The Real Housewives of Atlanta''. Following the series' three-week trial run in March 2013, the first season continued on April 14, 2013. The second season premiere on November 3, 2013, which coincided with the sixth season premiere of ''The Real Housewives of Atlanta''. '' Fashion Queens'' was filmed in New York City. In April 2014, Bravo renewed ''Fashion Queens'' for a third season, which premiered on November 9, 2014. On August 8, 2015, host Bevy Smith confirmed that the series had been cancelled. Segments * The Week in Fashion: Latest fashion news * Reading Room: The hosts dissect celebrities' fashion * Right or Ratchet: The hosts decide if celebrities' outfits are Right ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
