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Keith E. Stanovich (born 1950) is an American research scientist and psychologist. He is an Emeritus Professor of Applied Psychology and Human Development at the
University of Toronto The University of Toronto (UToronto or U of T) is a public university, public research university whose main campus is located on the grounds that surround Queen's Park (Toronto), Queen's Park in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was founded by ...
and former
Canada Research Chair Canada Research Chair (CRC) is a title given to certain Canadian university research professors by the Canada Research Chairs Program. Program goals The Canada Research Chair program was established in 2000 as a part of the Government of Canada ...
of Applied Cognitive Science. His primary research areas are the
psychology of reasoning The psychology of reasoning (also known as the cognitive science of reasoning) is the study of how people reason, often broadly defined as the process of drawing conclusions to inform how people solve problems and make decisions. It overlaps w ...
and the psychology of reading. Stanovich has been acknowledged by his peers as one of the most influential cognitive psychologists in the world. His 2009 book ''What Intelligence Tests Miss'' won the 2010
Grawemeyer Award The Grawemeyer Awards () are five awards given annually by the University of Louisville. The prizes are presented to individuals in the fields of education, ideas improving world order, music composition, religion, and psychology. The religion awa ...
in Education. In 2012, Stanovich received the E. L. Thorndike Career Achievement Award from the
American Psychological Association The American Psychological Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychologists in the United States, and the largest psychological association in the world. It has over 170,000 members, including scientists, educators, clin ...
(APA). He is a fellow at the APA, the American Psychological Society, and the
Committee for Skeptical Inquiry The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI), formerly known as the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), is a program within the U.S. non-profit organization Center for Inquiry (CFI), which seeks to " ...
.


Education

Stanovich initially studied physics in university and only became drawn to psychology when he earned money serving as a paid subject in psychology experiments. He went on to obtain a bachelor of arts from
Ohio State University The Ohio State University (Ohio State or OSU) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Columbus, Ohio, United States. A member of the University System of Ohio, it was founded in 1870. It is one ...
as well as an MA and PhD from the
University of Michigan The University of Michigan (U-M, U of M, or Michigan) is a public university, public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1817, it is the oldest institution of higher education in the state. The University of Mi ...
.


Academic career

Stanovich is an Emeritus Professor of Applied Psychology and Human Development at the
University of Toronto The University of Toronto (UToronto or U of T) is a public university, public research university whose main campus is located on the grounds that surround Queen's Park (Toronto), Queen's Park in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was founded by ...
and former
Canada Research Chair Canada Research Chair (CRC) is a title given to certain Canadian university research professors by the Canada Research Chairs Program. Program goals The Canada Research Chair program was established in 2000 as a part of the Government of Canada ...
of Applied Cognitive Science. His primary research areas are the
psychology of reasoning The psychology of reasoning (also known as the cognitive science of reasoning) is the study of how people reason, often broadly defined as the process of drawing conclusions to inform how people solve problems and make decisions. It overlaps w ...
and the psychology of reading. He has been acknowledged by his peers as one of the most influential cognitive psychologists in the world. His research in the field of reading was "fundamental to the emergence of today's scientific consensus about what reading is, how it works, and what it does for the mind", according to author David Boulton. His research on the cognitive basis of rationality has been featured in the journal ''
Behavioral and Brain Sciences ''Behavioral and Brain Sciences'' is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal of Open Peer Commentary established in 1978 by Stevan Harnad and published by Cambridge University Press. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal ...
''. Boulton purports that Stanovich is "a scientist's scientist and a man whose pioneering work has contributed substantially to both the cognitive science and reading science fields". Stanovich has done extensive research on reading, language disabilities, and the psychology of rational thought. His article on the
Matthew effect The Matthew effect, sometimes called the Matthew principle or cumulative advantage, is the tendency of individuals to accrue social or economic success in proportion to their initial level of popularity, friends, and wealth. It is sometimes summar ...
in education has been cited over 2,700 times in scientific literature. The Matthew Effect, with respect to education, refers to a research phenomenon regarding how new readers acquire the skills to read. Stanovich has explored the concept as well as the relationship between rationality and intelligence. He is the author of over 200 scientific articles, some of which have become Current Contents Citation Classics. In a 1993 article in the ''Journal of Learning Disabilities'', Stanovich coined the term dysrationalia to refer to the tendency toward irrational thinking and action despite adequate intelligence. In his 2016 book, ''The Rationality Quotient: Toward a Test of Rational Thinking'', Stanovich and colleagues followed through on the claim that a comprehensive test of rational thinking is scientifically possible, given current knowledge. Stanovich researched people's scores on rationality tests, comparing them with their scores on conventional intelligence tests, and revealed a low correlation between them; on some tasks, he found a near-complete dissociation between rational thinking and intelligence. As a leading expert in the psychology of reading and on rationality, Stanovich theorizes that the thinking mind consists of three parts: * the "autonomous mind", which engages in problematic cognitive shortcuts. Stanovich calls this "type 1 processing": it happens quickly, automatically, and without conscious control. * the algorithmic mind, which engages in "type 2 processing": the slow, laborious, logical thinking that intelligence tests measure. * the reflective mind, which decides when the judgments of the autonomous mind will suffice versus when to employ the algorithmic mind. The reflective mind determines how rational a person is. In a three-year survey of citation rates during the mid-1990s, Stanovich was listed as one of the fifty most cited developmental psychologists. He has also been named one of the 25 most productive educational psychologists. In a citation survey of the period 1982–1992, he was designated the most cited reading disability researcher in the world.


Other achievements

Stanovich is a fellow of the
American Psychological Association The American Psychological Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychologists in the United States, and the largest psychological association in the world. It has over 170,000 members, including scientists, educators, clin ...
(APA), the American Psychological Society, and the
Committee for Skeptical Inquiry The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI), formerly known as the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), is a program within the U.S. non-profit organization Center for Inquiry (CFI), which seeks to " ...
. From 1986 to 2000, he was the associate editor of '' Merrill-Palmer Quarterly'', a human development journal.


Awards

Stanovich is the only two-time winner of the Albert J. Harris Award (1988 and 1992) from the
International Reading Association The International Literacy Association (ILA), formerly the International Reading Association (IRA), is an international global advocacy and member professional organization that was created in 1956 to improve reading instruction, facilitate dial ...
, for influential articles on reading. In 1995, he was elected to the Reading Hall of Fame as the youngest member of that honorary society. In 1996, he was given the Oscar Causey Award from the National Reading Conference for contributions to research, and in 1997, he received the Sylvia Scribner Award from the
American Educational Research Association The American Educational Research Association (AERA, pronounced "A-E-R-A") is a professional organization representing education researchers in the United States and around the world. AERA's mission is to advance knowledge about education and ...
. In 2000, he received the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading. He was awarded the 2010
Grawemeyer Award The Grawemeyer Awards () are five awards given annually by the University of Louisville. The prizes are presented to individuals in the fields of education, ideas improving world order, music composition, religion, and psychology. The religion awa ...
for Education from the
University of Louisville The University of Louisville (UofL) is a public university, public research university in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. It is part of the Kentucky state university system. Chartered in 1798 as the Jefferson Seminary, it became in the 19t ...
for his 2009 book, ''What Intelligence Tests Miss: The Psychology of Rational Thought''. He received the E. L. Thorndike Career Achievement Award from the APA in 2012.


Publications

Stanovich has written nine books, six essays, and authored, or co-authored, over 200 research papers on reasoning and reading. Books * * * * * * * * *


See also

*
Cognitive miser In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and problem solving, solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of in ...
* Great Rationality Debate * Neurath's boat


References


External links

* * * *
Google Scholar

Neurotree
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stanovich, Keith Living people Dyslexia researchers Canada Research Chairs Academic staff of the University of Toronto University of Michigan alumni Developmental psychologists 21st-century American psychologists Fellows of the American Psychological Association 1950 births