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Mass Graves In The Soviet Union
In July 2010, a mass grave was discovered next to the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, containing the corpses of 80 military officers executed during the Red Terror of 1918–1921. By 2013 a total of 156 bodies had been found in the same location. At about the same time a mass grave from the Stalin period was discovered at the other end of the country in Vladivostok. These and later mass graves in the Soviet Union were used to conceal the large numbers of Soviet citizens and foreigners executed by the Bolshevik regime under Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin. Indiscriminate mass killings began in January 1918 during the Russian Civil War (1918–1922) as the Bolsheviks launched their Red Terror. After the upheavals of the First Five-Year Plan (1928–1932) the killings reached a peak in the Great Purge of 1937–1938. Also, the Soviet mass graves may be related to population transfer in the Soviet Union, Soviet anti-religious legislation, and others. At all times they wer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peter And Paul Fortress
The Peter and Paul Fortress () is the original citadel of Saint Petersburg, Russia, founded by Peter the Great in 1703 and built to Domenico Trezzini's designs from 1706 to 1740 as a star fortress. Between the first half of the 1700s and early 1920s it served as a prison for political criminals. It has been a museum since 1924. History From foundation until 1917 The fortress was established by Peter the Great on , on small Hare Island by the north bank of the Neva River. From around 1720, the fort served as a base for the city garrison and also as a prison for high-ranking or political prisoners. Russian Revolution and beyond During the February Revolution of 1917, it was attacked by mutinous soldiers of the Pavlovsky Life Guards Regiment on February 27 (O.S.) and the prisoners were freed. Under the Provisional Government, hundreds of Tsarist officials were held in the Fortress. The tsar was threatened with being incarcerated at the fortress on his return from Mogile ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arseny Roginsky
Arseny Borisovich Roginsky (; 30 March 1946 – 18 December 2017)Luxmoore, Matthew (23 December 2017).. ''The New York Times''. nytimes.com. Retrieved 25 December 2017. was a Soviet dissident and Russian historian. He was one of the founders of the International Historical and Civil and political rights, Civil Rights Society Memorial (society), Memorial, and its head since 1998. Biography Arseny Roginsky was born into a Jewish family in the town of Velsk (Arkhangelsk Region, Northwest Russia) to which, under Stalin, his father Boris had been exiled from Leningrad (today Saint Petersburg). In 1968, he graduated from the History and Philology Faculty of the University of Tartu in Estonia, where he studied under the cultural historian Juri Lotman. (Roginsky's first publication was co-edited with the future dissident Gabriel Superfin.) From 1968 to 1981, Roginsky lived in Leningrad and worked as a bibliographer at the National Library of Russia, Saltykov-Shchedrin Pu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toksovo
Toksovo (; ) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Vsevolozhsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located to the north of St. Petersburg on the Karelian Isthmus. It is served by two neighboring stations of the Saint Petersburg-Khiytola railroad: Toksovo (constructed in 1917) and Kavgolovo (1929) (which serves a popular ski resort). Population: History Toksovo was first mentioned in chronicles in 1500. At the time, it belonged to Vodskaya Pyatina, one of the five pyatinas Novgorod Lands were subdivided into. In 1583, after the Livonian War, it became Swedish. In 1708, in the Great Northern War, it was conquered by Russia. In the same year, it was included into Saint Petersburg Governorate, and later on became a part of Shlisselburgsky Uyezd. In 1914, the governorate was renamed Petrograd Governorate. In the 19th century, the region became a ski resort and a dacha place, known as the "Finnish Switzerland" or "Saint Petersburg Switzerland." After the Oc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Levashovo Memorial Cemetery
Levashovo Memorial Cemetery () commemorates the victims of political repression between 1937 and 1954: some were shot, others died in the city's prisons, all were buried here in unmarked graves. Archival evidence suggests that 19,540 bodies lie here, 8,000 of whom were shot or died during the Great Terror. The cemetery is located near the rail station at Levashovo, Saint Petersburg, in an empty area referred to in Russian as the ''Levashovskaya Pustosh'' (Russian: Левашовская пустошь), the Levashovo Wasteland. Bodies dating back to the Terror were first found there in spring 1989 by a Memorial (society) exploration group led by V.T. Muravsky. The Federal Security Service, FSB, successor to the NKVD and KGB, finally handed the area over to the city council in 1990. Monuments, memorials and plaques Many collective memorials to particular ethno-confessional groups have been added in the grounds of the cemetery since 1990 and the large monument of the "Moloch of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Krasny Bor Forest, Karelia
Krasny Bor () is a wooded area, not far from Petrozavodsk, the capital of Karelia, in northwestern Russia. The Karelian instance of this common Russian toponym has become widely known, thanks to the efforts of Yury A. Dmitriev, as ''The Forest, Red with Spilled Blood'', one of Stalin's killing fields of the late 1930s. Identifying the buried victims In 1997 a killing field and burial place for NKVD executions during Stalin's Great Purges was identified at Krasny Bor and then thoroughly investigated by the historian Yury A. Dmitriev, the head of the human rights organisation Memorial in Karelia. The burial site covers an area of approximately 350 by 150 metres. According to execution reports in the former KGB archives for Karelia, 1,193 people were shot and buried there: 580 Finns, 432 Karelians, 136 Russians and 45 persons of other nationalities. The shootings took place from 9 August to 15 September 1937 and from 26 September to 2 October 1938. The Finnish victims were t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kurapaty
Kurapaty (, ) is a wooded area on the outskirts of Minsk, Belarus, where a vast number of people were executed between 1937 and 1941 during the Great Purge by the Soviet secret police, the NKVD and in particular, during the Soviet repressions in Belarus. The exact count of victims is uncertain, as NKVD archives are classified in Belarus.Памяць і забыцьцё Курапатаў // , 28.10.2009 According to NKVD archives, up to 35,000 were shot in Byelorussia (Belarus) under Stalin, the vast majority of them during the Great Purge.У. Адамушка. Палітычныя рэпрэсіі 1920–1950-х гг. на Беларусі ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vinnytsia Massacre
The Vinnytsia massacre was the mass execution of between 9,000 and 11,000 people in the Ukrainian town of Vinnytsia by the Soviet secret police NKVD during the Great Purge in 1937–1938, which Nazi Germany discovered during its occupation of Ukraine in 1943.Valery Vasiliev, Yuriy Shapoval, "Stages of «Great Terror»: The Vinnytsia Tragedy", '' Zerkalo Nedeli'', No. 31 (406), August 17–23, 2002,in Russianin Ukrainian ) The investigation of the site first conducted by the international Katyn Commission coincided with the discovery of a similar mass murder site of Polish prisoners of war in Katyn. Among the 679 dead identified by the Germans in 1943, there were also a certain number of Russians and 28 Poles (according to the latest data, the number of Poles killed by the NKVD in the city could amount to over 3,000). Nazi propaganda invoked mention of the massacre to illustrate communist terror by the Soviet Union. History Massacre Most of the victims buried at Vinnytsia were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yale University Press
Yale University Press is the university press of Yale University. It was founded in 1908 by George Parmly Day and Clarence Day, grandsons of Benjamin Day, and became a department of Yale University in 1961, but it remains financially and operationally autonomous. , Yale University Press publishes approximately 300 new hardcover A hardcover, hard cover, or hardback (also known as hardbound, and sometimes as casebound (At p. 247.)) book is one bookbinding, bound with rigid protective covers (typically of binder's board or heavy paperboard covered with buckram or other clo ... and 150 new paperback books annually and has a backlist of about 5,000 books in print. Its books have won five National Book Awards, two National Book Critics Circle Awards and eight Pulitzer Prizes. The press maintains offices in New Haven, Connecticut and London, England. Yale is the only American university press with a full-scale publishing operation in Europe. It was a co-founder of the dist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhytomyr
Zhytomyr ( ; see #Names, below for other names) is a city in the north of the western half of Ukraine. It is the Capital city, administrative center of Zhytomyr Oblast (Oblast, province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Zhytomyr urban hromada (hromada, commune) and Zhytomyr Raion (Raion, district). Moreover Zhytomyr consists of two Urban districts of Ukraine, urban districts: Bohunskyi District and Koroliovskyi District (named in honour of Sergey Korolyov). Zhytomyr occupies an area of . Its population is Zhytomyr is a major transport hub. The city lies on a historic route linking the city of Kyiv with the west through Brest, Belarus, Brest. Today it links Warsaw with Kyiv, Minsk with Izmail, and several major cities of Ukraine. Zhytomyr was also the location of Ozerne (air base), Ozerne airbase, a key Cold War strategic aircraft base southeast of the city. Important economic activities of Zhytomyr include lumber milling, food processing, granite quarr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cherkasy
Cherkasy (, ) is a city in central Ukraine. Cherkasy serves as the administrative centre of Cherkasy Oblast as well as Cherkasy Raion within the oblast. The city has a population of Cherkasy is the cultural, educational and industrial centre of Cherkasy Oblast and Central Economical Region of Ukraine. Cherkasy has been known since the 13th century and played a great role in the history of Ukraine. The city was the centre of the land of the Cossacks; its citizens took part in Khmelnytsky Uprising, Khmelnychchyna and Koliivshchyna Cossack and peasant rebellions. The city is located on the right bank of Dnieper River (specifically at the Kremenchuk Reservoir), about south of the nation's capital, Kyiv. Cherkasy is divided into 2 Urban districts of Ukraine, urban districts: Sosnivskyi (with Orshanets village) and Prydniprovskyi. It hosts the administration of Cherkasy urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. In June 2011, the city celebrated its 725th anniversary. Geogra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bila Tserkva
Bila Tserkva ( ; , ) is a city in central Ukraine. It is situated on the Ros (river), Ros River in the historical region of right-bank Ukraine. It is the largest city in Kyiv Oblast (which does not include the city of Kyiv) and serves as the administrative centre of Bila Tserkva Raion and Bila Tserkva urban Hromadas of Ukraine, hromada, and has a population of , 205,000 (2024 estimate). The oldest preserved document that mentions the city, at that time called ''Yuryiv'', is the ''Hypatian Codex'' (1115). Historically, the city has been at the centre of the ''Porossia'' (River Ros) region. Founded as a border fortification of Kievan Rus', Bila Tserkva later became property of Polish nobility and served as a prominent commercial centre. Since the 19th century, industry and tourism have been important elements of the city's economy. Under Ukrainian SSR, Soviet rule, Bila Tserkva became a centre of agricultural education. During the Cold War, a major Soviet Air Force base was loc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uman
Uman (, , ) is a city in Cherkasy Oblast, central Ukraine. It is located to the east of Vinnytsia. Located in the east of the historical region of Podolia, the city rests on the banks of the Umanka River. Uman serves as the administrative center of Uman Raion (district). It hosts the administration of Uman urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: Among Ukrainians, Uman is known for its depiction of the Haydamak rebellions in Taras Shevchenko's longest of poems, ''Haidamaky'' ("The Haidamaks", 1843). The city is also a pilgrimage site for Breslov Hasidic Jews and a major center of gardening research containing the dendrological park Sofiyivka and the University of Gardening. Uman (Humań) was a privately owned city of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Name In addition to the , in other languages the name of the city is and (local Yiddish pronunciation 'Imen'). History Polish rule Uman was first mentioned in historical documents in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
