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Marzpanate Period
Sasanian Armenia, also known as Persian Armenia and Persarmenia ( – ''Parskahayastan''), may either refer to the periods in which Armenia ( – ''Armin'') was under the suzerainty of the Sasanian Empire or specifically to the parts of Armenia under its control such as after the partition of 387 when parts of western Armenia were incorporated into the Eastern Roman Empire while the rest of Armenia came under Sasanian suzerainty but maintained its existing kingdom until 428. In 428, Armenian nobles petitioned Bahram V to depose Artaxias IV (r. 422);''Introduction to Christian Caucasian History:II: States and Dynasties of the Formative Period'', Cyril Toumanoff, Traditio, Vol. 17, 1961, Fordham University, 6. Bahram V (r. 420–438) abolished the Kingdom of Armenia and appointed Veh Mihr Shapur as ''marzban'' (governor of a frontier province, "margrave") of the country, which marked the start of a new era known as the Marzpanate period ( – ''Marzpanakan Hayastan''), a perio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Late Antiquity
Late antiquity marks the period that comes after the end of classical antiquity and stretches into the onset of the Early Middle Ages. Late antiquity as a period was popularized by Peter Brown (historian), Peter Brown in 1971, and this periodization has since been widely accepted. Late antiquity represents a cultural sphere that covered much of the Mediterranean world, including parts of Europe and the Near East.Brown, Peter (1971), ''The World of Late Antiquity (1971), The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150-750''Introduction Late antiquity was an era of massive political and religious transformation. It marked the origins or ascendance of the three major monotheistic religions: Christianity, rabbinic Judaism, and Islam. It also marked the ends of both the Western Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire, the last Persian empire of antiquity, and the beginning of the early Muslim conquests, Arab conquests. Meanwhile, the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire became a milit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eastern Roman Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Having survived the events that caused the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th centuryAD, it endured until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. The term 'Byzantine Empire' was coined only after its demise; its citizens used the term 'Roman Empire' and called themselves 'Romans'. During the early centuries of the Roman Empire, the western provinces were Latinised, but the eastern parts kept their Hellenistic culture. Constantine I () legalised Christianity and moved the capital to Constantinople. Theodosius I () made Christianity the state religion and Greek gradually replaced Latin for official use. The empire adopted a defensive strategy and, throughout its remaining history, experienced recurring cycles of decline and recovery. It reached its greatest extent un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vahan Mamikonian
Vahan Mamikonian (; 440/445503/510) was an Armenians, Armenian nobleman from the Mamikonian, Mamikonian family. In 481 he rebelled against the Sasanian Empire that controlled the eastern part of Armenia known as Persian Armenia. He was appointed as ''marzban'' (governor) of Persian Armenia in 485 and remained in that post until his death around 503–510. Background From 387 the kingdom of Armenia was divided into two zones of influence, Byzantine Armenia and Persian Armenia. In 428 the last Arsacid Armenian monarch, Artaxias IV, was deposed by his overlord Bahram V at the request of the Armenian ''nakharars'', thus starting the Marzpanate Armenia, Marzpanate period in Persian Armenia. Very quickly, the Armenians were disillusioned: in 449, Yazdegerd II ordered the nobility to convert to Zoroastrianism. The Armenians revolted under the leadership of Vardan Mamikonian, but were defeated on 2 June 451 (or May 26) at the battle of Avarayr; most ''nakharars'' who participated in the re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sparapet
' () was a military title and office in ancient and medieval Armenia. Under the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, the ' was the supreme commander of the kingdom's armed forces. During the Arsacid period and for some time afterwards, the office was held hereditarily by the senior member of the House of Mamikonian. Later in history, the title was held by members of other noble houses, such as the Bagratuni Dynasty, Bagratuni and Pahlavuni dynasties. The title was used in the medieval Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, where the bearer of the title was also called ' (), from the Byzantine and Western title of constable. Etymology The word is of Iranian origin, ultimately deriving from Proto-Iranian language, Proto-Iranian ''*spādapati-'' (“commander of the army”), which is composed of ''*cwáHdaH'' (“army”) and ''*pati-'' (“lord”).Anahit Perikhanian, Perikhanyan, A. G. (1993). ''Материалы к этимологическому словарю древнеармянского ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nakharar
''Nakharar'' ( ''naxarar'', from Parthian ''naxvadār'' "holder of the primacy") was a hereditary title of the highest order given to houses of the ancient and medieval Armenian nobility. ''Nakharar'' system Medieval Armenia was divided into large estates, which were the property of an enlarged noble family and were ruled by a member of it, to whom the title of ''nahapet'' "chief of the family" or '' tanuter'' "master of the house" was given. Other members of a ''nakharar'' family in their turn ruled over smaller portions of the family estate. ''Nakharars'' with greater authority were recognized as '' ishkhans'' (princes). This system has often been labelled as feudal for practical purposes; however, there are differences between this system and the feudal system later adopted in Western Europe. The estate as a whole was actually ruled by a single person, it was nonetheless considered the property of his whole enlarged family, so that, if the ruler died heirless, he was succeed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian Academy Of Sciences
The National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia (NAS RA) (, ''Hayastani Hanrapetut’yan gitut’yunneri azgayin akademia'') is the Armenian national academy, functioning as the primary body that conducts research and coordinates activities in the fields of science and social sciences in Armenia. It is a member of the International Science Council. History The Academy of Sciences of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic was founded on 10 November 1943, on the basis of the Armenian Branch of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, which was established almost ten years earlier, in 1935. Among its founders were Joseph Orbeli, Stepan Malkhasyants, Ivan Gevorkian and Victor Ambartsumian. Orbeli became the first president of the academy. Presidents * Joseph Orbeli (1943–1947) * Viktor Ambartsumian (1947–1993) * Fadey Sargsyan (1993–2006) * Radik Martirosyan (2006–2021) * Ashot Saghyan (2021-present) Structure ;Division of Mathematical and Technical Sciences * In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia
Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia (also rendered ''Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia''; , ''Haykakan sovetakan hanragitaran''; ASE) is the first general encyclopedia in the Armenian language. It was published in 1974-1987 by the main editorial office of the Armenian Encyclopedia. It consists of 12+1 volumes, published under the direction of the President of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR Viktor Ambartsumian. In 2011, it was licensed under the Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 free license. Although it reflected the government's Marxist–Leninist viewpoint, is in the most comprehensive encyclopedia in the Armenian language to this day. Each volume was published in 100,000 copies. History In 1964, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Armenia issued a resolution on the publication of the Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. In 1965, the Council of Ministers of the Armenian SSR issued a resolution on the creation of a special editorial office for this purpose. In 1967, the mai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suren Yeremyan
Suren Tigrani Yeremian (; ; – 17 December 1992) was a Soviet historian and cartographer who specialized in the study of the early history and geography of Armenia and the Caucasus. He devoted nearly thirty years of his scholarly efforts in reconstructing the '' Ashkharhatsuyts'', a seventh-century atlas commonly attributed to Anania Shirakatsi.See the "Preface" and "Introduction" in Robert Hewsen's ''The Geography of Ananias of Širak: Asxarhacoyc, the Long and the Short Recensions''. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, 1992, . Biography Early life and education Yeremian was born into a family of laborers in Tiflis, in 1908 and attended a local Russian school. Presidency of the Armenian Academy of the Sciences, Institute of History. "S. T. Yeremian," '' Patma-Banasirakan Handes'' 135-136 (1992): pp. 255-256. Mahé, Jean-Pierre. "In Memoriam: Souren Eremyan, 1908-1993," '' Revue des Études Arméniennes'' 14 (1993): pp. 339-40. He was an avid reader of history books and his i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arminiya
Arminiya, also known as the Ostikanate of Arminiya (, ''Hayastani ostikanut'yun'') or the Emirate of Armenia (, ''imārat armīniya''), was a political and geographic designation given by the Muslim Arabs to the lands of Greater Armenia, Caucasian Iberia, and Caucasian Albania, following their conquest of these regions in the 7th century. Though the caliphs initially permitted an Armenian prince to represent the province of ''Arminiya'' in exchange for tribute and the Armenians' loyalty during times of war, Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan introduced direct Arab rule of the region, headed by an '' ostikan'' with his capital in Dvin. According to the historian Stephen H. Rapp in the third edition of the ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'': History Early period: the Arab conquest of Armenia The details of the early conquest of Armenia by the Arabs are uncertain, as the various Arabic sources conflict with the Greek and Armenian sources, both in chronology and in the details of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arab Conquest Of Armenia
The Muslim conquest of Armenia occurred in the mid-7th century, with the first Arab raids into the country occurring in 639/640. At that time, the Byzantine and Sasanian sections of Armenia had just been united under the Byzantine-aligned Armenian prince Theodore Rshtuni. Several Arab attacks and Byzantine-Armenian counterattacks occurred in the 640s. In 652, facing a renewed Arab assault, Rshtuni broke with the Byzantines and made an agreement with Mu'awiya (then governor of Syria) to accept Muslim rule. Rshtuni's death in 654 and Arab internal conflicts after 656 temporarily weakened Arab control over Armenia, but Arab rule was decisively reasserted after Mu'awiya's accession as caliph in 661. Sources The details of the early conquest of Armenia by the Arabs are uncertain, as the various Arabic, Greek, and Armenian sources contradict each other. The main sources for the period are the eyewitness account of the Armenian bishop Sebeos, along with the history of the 8th-century ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Byzantine Armenia
Byzantine Armenia, sometimes known as Western Armenia, is the name given to the parts of Kingdom of Armenia that became part of the Byzantine Empire. The size of the territory varied over time, depending on the degree of control the Byzantines had over Armenia. The Byzantine and Sassanid Empires divided Armenia in 387 and in 428. Western Armenia fell under Byzantine rule, and Eastern Armenia fell under Sassanid control. Even after the establishment of the Bagratid Armenian Kingdom, parts of historic Armenia and Armenian-inhabited areas were still under Byzantine rule. The Armenians had no representation in the Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon in 451 because of their struggle against the Sassanids in an armed rebellion. That reason caused a theological drift to appear between Armenian and Byzantine Christianity. Regardless, many Armenians became successful in the Byzantine Empire. Numerous Byzantine emperors were either ethnically Armenian, half-Armenian, part-Armenian or p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
