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Mariengroschen
The Mariengroschen ("St. Mary's ''groschen''") is an historical coin that was a type of ''groschen'' minted in Lower Saxony and Westphalia from the 16th to the 19th century. It was named after the Virgin Mary who was depicted on the reverse side.''Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon,'' Volume 13. Leipzig 1908, p. 298. ''Mariengroschen'' were first minted in Goslar in 1505 and then in other mints in the Harz mountain region, such as Brunswick and Hildesheim. The first coins were made of 8- lot silver; 80 being struck from 1 gross Cologne Mark. The fine weight decreased in the course of the 16th century;Vol. 5, p. 273 f. already around 1550 the fineness had been reduced to about half: * Brunswick 1514: weight 2.75 g with 1.375 g silver content; * Hildesheim 1528: weight 2.88 g with 1.062 silver content; * Goslar 1551: weight 2.43 g with 0.91 g silver content; * Brunswick 1572: weight 1.504 g with 0.69 g silver content. The knightly estates of the Lower Saxon Circle, which were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Groschen
Groschen (; from "thick", via Old Czech ') is the (sometimes colloquial) name for various coins, especially a silver coin used in parts of Europe including Kingdom of France, France, some of the Italian states, and various states of the Holy Roman Empire. The word is borrowed from the late Latin , , a description of a ''tornese''. ''Groschen'' was frequently abbreviated in old documents to ''gl'', in which the second character was not an ''L'' (12th letter of the alphabet), but an abbreviation symbol; later it was written as ''Gr'' or ''g''. Names and etymology The name was introduced in 13th-century France as ', lit. "thick French denier, penny", whence Old French ', Italian ', Middle High German ', Low German and Dutch ' and English ''groat (coin), groat''. In the 14th century, it appeared as Old Czech ', whence Modern German '. Names in other modern languages include: * * * * Bulgarian language, Bulgarian, Macedonian language, Macedonian, Russian language, Russi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Principality Of Calenberg
The Principality of Calenberg was a dynastic division of the House of Welf, Welf Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg established in 1432. Calenberg was ruled by the House of Hanover (from the Principality of Lüneburg) from 1635 onwards; the princes received the ninth Prince-elector, electoral dignity of the Holy Roman Empire in 1692. Their territory became the nucleus of the Electorate of Hanover, ruled in personal union with the Kingdom of Great Britain from 1714 onwards. The principality received its name from Calenberg Castle, a residence of the Brunswick dukes. Territory When Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg chose the Principality of Calenberg as his part of the inheritance in 1495, he described it as "the land between the River Leine (river), Leine and the Deister". This geographical description, however, was never totally correct. In fact, the principality extended west of the Leine from Schulenburg as far as Neustadt am Rübenberge in the north and thus much further north ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mark (mass)
The Mark (from Middle High German: Marc, march, brand) is originally a medieval weight or mass unit, which supplanted the pound weight as a precious metals and coinage weight in parts of Europe in the 11th century. The Mark is traditionally divided into 8 ounces or 16 lots. The Cologne mark corresponded to about 234 grams. Like the German systems, the French poids de marc weight system considered one "Marc" equal to 8 troy ounces. Just as the pound of 12 troy ounces (373 g) lent its name to the pound unit of currency, the mark lent its name to the mark unit of currency. Origin of the term The Etymological Dictionary of the German Language by Friedrich Kluge derives the word from the Proto-Germanic term ''marka'', "weight and value unit" (originally "division, shared"). The etymological dictionary by Wolfgang Pfeifer sees the Old High German ''marc'', "delimitation, sign", as the stem and assumes that ''marc'' originally meant "minting" (marking of a certain weight), later denot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schaumburg-Lippe
Schaumburg-Lippe, also called Lippe-Schaumburg, was created as a county in 1647, became a principality in 1807 and a free state in 1918, and was until 1946 a small state in Germany, located in the present-day state of Lower Saxony, with its capital at Bückeburg, an area of and over 40,000 inhabitants. History Schaumburg-Lippe was formed as a county in 1647 through the division of the County of Schaumburg by treaties between the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and the Count of Principality of Lippe, Lippe. The division occurred because Count Otto V of Holstein-Schaumburg had died in 1640 leaving no male heir. Initially Schaumburg-Lippe's position was somewhat precarious: it had to share a wide variety of institutions and facilities with the County of Schaumburg (which belonged to Hesse-Kassel), including the representative assembly and the highly productive Bückeberg mines, and the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel retained some feudal rights over it. It w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duchy Of Brunswick
The Duchy of Brunswick () was a historical German state that ceased to exist in 1918. Its capital city, capital was the city of Braunschweig, Brunswick (). It was established as the successor state of the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. In the course of the 19th-century history of Germany, the duchy was part of the German Confederation, the North German Confederation and from 1871 the German Empire. It was disestablished after the end of World War I, its territory incorporated into the Weimar Republic as the Free State of Brunswick. History Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel The title "Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg" () was held, from 1235 on, by various members of the House of Welf, Welf (Guelph) family who ruled several small territories in northwest Germany. These holdings did not have all of the formal characteristics of a modern unitary state, being neither compact nor indivisible. When several sons o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Convention Coin
Convention may refer to: * Convention (norm), a custom or tradition, a standard of presentation or conduct ** Treaty, an agreement in international law ** Convention (political norm) A convention, also known as a constitutional convention, is an uncodified tradition that is followed by the institutions of a state. In some states, notably those Commonwealth states that follow the Westminster system and whose political systems ..., uncodified legal or political tradition * Convention (meeting), meeting of a (usually large) group of individuals and/or companies in a certain field who share a common interest ** Fan convention, a gathering of fans of a particular media property or genre *** Anime convention, centered on Japanese anime and manga *** Comic book convention centered on comic books *** Gaming convention, centered on role-playing games, collectible card games, miniatures wargames, board games, video games, and the like ***Magic convention, centered on magician (illusion), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Hanover
The Kingdom of Hanover () was established in October 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian territories after the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleonic era. It succeeded the former Electorate of Hanover, and joined 38 other sovereign states in the German Confederation in June 1815. The kingdom was ruled by the House of Hanover, a cadet branch of the House of Welf, in Personal union of Great Britain and Hanover, personal union with Great Britain between 1714 and 1837. Since its monarch resided in London, a viceroy, usually a younger member of the British royal family, handled the administration of the Kingdom of Hanover. The personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 upon the accession of Queen Victoria because semi-Salic law prevented females from inheriting the Hanoverian throne while a dynastic male was still alive. Her uncle Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover, Ernest Augustus thus became the ruler of Hanover. His only son succeeded h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meissen Groschen
The Meissen ''groschen'' (''Meißner Groschen'') or broad ''groschen'' (''Breite Groschen'') was a Meissen-Saxon silver coin of the 14th and 15th centuries and the regional currency of the Margraviate of Meissen in the Late Middle Ages. It was introduced by Margrave Frederick II of Meissen in 1338/39 and modelled on the Prague ''groschen''.Fengler et al. (1976), p. 281.Arnold (1978), pp. 14 ff. Distribution The Margraves of Meissen had large silver deposits in the Ore Mountains. In the first hundred years, they had the Meissen ''groschen'' struck exclusively in Freiberg.Ausstellungsführer: ''7 Jahrhunderte Bergbau und Münzwesen in Sachsen und Thüringen 1168–1872.'' Gemeinschaftsausstellung des Staatl. Museums f. Mineralogie und Geologie und des Münzkabinetts der Staatl. Kunstsammlungen Dresden In: ''Blick ins Museum.'' Ausgabe 26, 1981. The Freiberg Mint coined a total of 301,298 Mark (about 70.5 tons) of fine silver. Since a lot of silver could be minted, the Meissen g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lower Saxon Circle
The Lower Saxon Circle () was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire. It covered much of the territory of the medieval Duchy of Saxony (except for Westphalia), and was originally called the Saxon Circle () before later being better differentiated from the Upper Saxon Circle by the more specific name. An unusual aspect of this circle was that, at various times, the kings of Denmark (in Holstein), Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain (in Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Hanover) and Swedish Empire, Sweden (in Archdiocese of Bremen, Bremen) were all Fürst, Princes of several Imperial States. Origin The first plans for a Lower Saxon Circle originated from Albert II of Germany in 1438. An Imperial Saxon Circle was formally created in 1500, but in 1512 it was divided into an Upper Saxon Circle, Upper Saxon and Lower Saxon Circle. The division was only codified in 1522, and it took a while before the separation was completely implemented by the Reichskammergericht, Imperial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fine Weight
The fineness of a precious metal object (coin, bar, jewelry, etc.) represents the weight of ''fine metal'' therein, in proportion to the total weight which includes alloying base metals and any impurities. Alloy metals are added to increase hardness and durability of coins and jewelry, alter colors, decrease the cost per weight, or avoid the cost of high-purity refinement. For example, copper is added to the precious metal silver to make a more durable alloy for use in coins, housewares and jewelry. Coin silver, which was used for making silver coins in the past, contains 90% silver and 10% copper, by mass. Sterling silver contains 92.5% silver and 7.5% of other metals, usually copper, by mass. Various ways of expressing fineness have been used and two remain in common use: ''millesimal fineness'' expressed in units of parts per 1,000 and '' karats'' or ''carats'' used only for gold. Karats measure the parts per 24, so that 18 karat = = 75% gold and 24 karat gold is considered 10 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lot (fineness)
A ''Lot'' (formerly ''Loth'') was an old unit of measurement for the relative fineness_ (1896), ''The Journal of Political Economy'', Vol. 4, p. 190. to gross weight in metallurgy and especially in coinage until the 19th century. A ''Lot'' was thus a proportion of the precious metal content in a piece of metal.Geissler, Ewald and Josef Moeller (1886). ''Real-Encyclopädie der Gesammten Pharmacie'', Volume 9, p. 264. It was used in the four main monetary systems of Germany: Austrian, South German, North German and Hamburg. The ''lot'' was defined as the sixteenth part of a ''Mark''.Bringucci, Vannoccio (1990), ''Pirotechnia''. New York: Dover. p. 209. For example, in silver, the total weight was divided into 16 (proportional) ''Lots'' until about 1857, according to which a "''12-Lot''" silver alloy (750 silver) contained 12/16 = or 75% by weight of silver and 25% of another metal (usually copper). A ''14-Lot'' silver alloy (), on the other hand, corresponded to 875 silver. For r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
