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Marie Gernet
Marie Gernet (1 October 1865 – 1924) was a German mathematician who in 1895 became the second woman to obtain a doctorate at Heidelberg University. The first was Käthe Windscheid, who earned a doctorate for her work on English pastoral poetry in the previous year. Gernet was also the first native German woman to earn a doctorate in mathematics, 13 years earlier than Emmy Noether. She was the only German among the first eight women to earn a mathematics Ph.D. in Germany. Education Gernet was born in Ettlingen; her father was an army surgeon. She earned a teaching qualification in 1883, and continued to study mathematics privately. In 1888, the Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Karlsruhe Großherzogliche Technische Hochschule accepted her as a special student, and she studied science there until 1891. In that year, both she and Ruth Gentry applied for graduate study at Heidelberg, but were rejected. The mathematics and science faculty of the university proposed a rule cha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heidelberg University
Heidelberg University, officially the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg (; ), is a public research university in Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Founded in 1386 on instruction of Pope Urban VI, Heidelberg is Germany's oldest university and one of the world's oldest surviving universities; it was the third university established in the Holy Roman Empire after Prague (1347) and Vienna (1365). Since 1899, it has been a coeducational institution. Heidelberg is one of the most prestigious universities in Germany. It is a German Excellence University, part of the U15, as well as a founding member of the League of European Research Universities and the Coimbra Group. The university consists of twelve faculties and offers degree programmes at undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral levels in some 100 disciplines. The language of instruction is usually German, while a considerable number of graduate degrees are offered in English as well as some in French. 57 Nobel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Käthe Windscheid
Katharina "Käthe" Windscheid (28 August 1859 – 11 March 1943) was a German empire, German Feminist movement, women's rights activist and a pioneer of women's education. In 1895 she became the first woman in Germany to receive a doctorate for an academic dissertation. Life Early life and education Katharina Charlotte Friederike Auguste Windscheid was born in Munich, where her father, the distinguished Jurisprudence, jurist Bernhard Windscheid, taught at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, the university between 1858 and 1871. Her parents had married on 4 November 1858. Her mother was the artist Auguste Eleanore Charlotte "Lotte" Pochhammer (1830–1918). There were three younger siblings, including (1862–1910) who would also become something of a pioneer in his chosen field: he was a Neurology, neurologist. Katharina Windscheid attended the Höhere Mädchenschule in Munich. Girls' secondary schools were still unusual in Germany; but when the family moved to Heidelberg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pastoral Poetry
The pastoral genre of literature, art, or music depicts an idealised form of the shepherd's lifestyle – herding livestock around open areas of land according to the seasons and the changing availability of water and pasture. The target audience is typically an urban one. A ''pastoral'' is a work of this genre. A piece of music in the genre is usually referred to as a pastorale. The genre is also known as bucolic, from the Greek , from , meaning a cowherd. Literature Pastoral literature in general Pastoral is a mode of literature in which the author employs various techniques to place the complex life into a simple one. Paul Alpers distinguishes pastoral as a mode rather than a genre, and he bases this distinction on the recurring attitude of power; that is to say that pastoral literature holds a humble perspective toward nature. Thus, pastoral as a mode occurs in many types of literature (poetry, drama, etc.) as well as genres (most notably the pastoral elegy). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emmy Noether
Amalie Emmy Noether (23 March 1882 – 14 April 1935) was a German mathematician who made many important contributions to abstract algebra. She also proved Noether's theorem, Noether's first and Noether's second theorem, second theorems, which are fundamental in mathematical physics. Noether was described by Pavel Alexandrov, Albert Einstein, Jean Dieudonné, Hermann Weyl and Norbert Wiener as the most important List of women in mathematics, woman in the history of mathematics. Transcribeonlineat the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. As one of the leading mathematicians of her time, she developed theories of ring (mathematics), rings, field (mathematics), fields, and algebras. In physics, Noether's theorem explains the connection between Symmetry (physics), symmetry and conservation laws. in . Noether was born to a Jewish family in the Franconian town of Erlangen; her father was the mathematician Max Noether. She originally planned to teach French and English after passin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karlsruhe University Of Applied Sciences
With around 7,000 students, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule Karlsruhe - HKA) is the second largest university of applied sciences in the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg (as of winter semester 2022/2023). It is a founding member of the Doctoral Association of Universities of Applied Sciences Baden-Württemberg established in 2022 and a member of the INGENIUM European University. Study Programs The study programs cover engineering, computer science and business management disciplines and lead to Bachelor's and Master's degrees. As the first professional qualification, the Bachelor's degree can be obtained after a standard period of study of seven semesters, the Master's degree after a further three semesters. These degrees were introduced at Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences in 1999 as part of the Bologna reform. Laboratory exercises, practical semesters and final theses, which are usually completed in industry, form part of the curricula. R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ruth Gentry
Ruth Gentry (February 22, 1862 – October 18, 1917) was a pioneering American woman mathematician during the late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. She was the first Indiana-born woman to acquire a PhD degree in mathematics, and most likely the first woman born in Indiana to receive a doctoral degree in any scientific discipline. Early years and education Ruth Ellen Gentry was the youngest of three children born to Jeremiah Gentry (1827–1906) and Lucretia (Wilcox) Gentry (1830–1909). Jeremiah was a farmer and stock trader who moved to Hendricks County, Indiana from Bullitt County, Kentucky, when he was five years old, and remained there the rest of his life. Ruth and her siblings, Oliver (1853–1878) and Mary Frances (1860–1929), were born and grew up on the family farm near Stilesville, Indiana. Ruth's early education took place there as well. Gentry attended Indiana State Normal School, a teachers' college that had opened in 1870 but did not yet award ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyperelliptic Integral
In mathematics, ''differential of the first kind'' is a traditional term used in the theories of Riemann surfaces (more generally, complex manifolds) and algebraic curves (more generally, algebraic varieties), for everywhere-regular differential 1-forms. Given a complex manifold ''M'', a differential of the first kind ω is therefore the same thing as a 1-form that is everywhere holomorphic; on an algebraic variety ''V'' that is non-singular it would be a global section of the coherent sheaf Ω1 of Kähler differentials. In either case the definition has its origins in the theory of abelian integrals. The dimension of the space of differentials of the first kind, by means of this identification, is the Hodge number :''h''1,0. The differentials of the first kind, when integrated along paths, give rise to integrals that generalise the elliptic integrals to all curves over the complex numbers. They include for example the hyperelliptic integrals of type : \int\frac where ''Q ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leo Königsberger
Leo Königsberger (15 October 1837 – 15 December 1921) was a German mathematician, and historian of science. He is best known for his three-volume biography of Hermann von Helmholtz, which remains the standard reference on the subject. Biography Königsberger was born in Posen (now Poznań, Poland), the son of a successful merchant. He studied at the University of Berlin with Karl Weierstrass, where he taught mathematics and physics (1860–64). He taught at the University of Greifswald (assistant professor, 1864–66; professor, 1866–69), the University of Heidelberg (1869–75), the Technische Universität Dresden (1875–77), and the University of Vienna (1877–84) before returning to Heidelberg in 1884, where remained until his retirement in 1914. In 1904 he was a Plenary Speaker of the ICM in Heidelberg. In 1919 he published his autobiography, ''Mein Leben'' ('My Life'). The biography of Helmholtz was published in 1902 and 1903. He also wrote a biography of C. G. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karlsruhe
Karlsruhe ( ; ; ; South Franconian German, South Franconian: ''Kallsruh'') is the List of cities in Baden-Württemberg by population, third-largest city of the States of Germany, German state of Baden-Württemberg, after its capital Stuttgart and Mannheim, and the List of cities in Germany by population, 22nd-largest city in the nation, with 308,436 inhabitants. It is also a former capital of Baden, a historic region named after Hohenbaden Castle in the city of Baden-Baden. Located on the right bank of the Rhine (Upper Rhine) near the French border, between the Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region, Mannheim-Ludwigshafen conurbation to the north and Strasbourg to the south, Karlsruhe is Germany's legal center, being home to the Federal Constitutional Court, the Federal Court of Justice and the Public Prosecutor General (Germany), Public Prosecutor General. Karlsruhe was the capital of the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach (Durlach: 1565–1718; Karlsruhe: 1718–1771), the Margraviate of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gymnasium (Germany)
''Gymnasium'' (; German plural: ''Gymnasien''), in the German education system, is the most advanced and highest of the three types of German secondary schools, the others being ''Hauptschule'' (lowest) and ''Realschule'' (middle). ''Gymnasium'' strongly emphasizes academic learning, comparable to the British grammar school system or with university preparatory school, prep schools in the United States. A student attending ''Gymnasium'' is called a ''Gymnasiast'' (German plural: ''Gymnasiasten''). In 2009/10 there were 3,094 gymnasia in Germany, with students (about 28 percent of all precollegiate students during that period), resulting in an average student number of 800 students per school.Federal Statistical office of Germany, Fachserie 11, Reihe 1: Allgemeinbildende Schulen – Schuljahr 2009/2010, Wiesbaden 2010 Gymnasia are generally public, state-funded schools, but a number of parochial and private gymnasia also exist. In 2009/10, 11.1 percent of gymnasium students ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1865 Births
Events January * January 4 – The New York Stock Exchange opens its first permanent headquarters at 10-12 Broad near Wall Street, in New York City. * January 13 – American Civil War: Second Battle of Fort Fisher – Union forces launch a major amphibious assault against the last seaport held by the Confederates, Fort Fisher, North Carolina. * January 15 – American Civil War: Union forces capture Fort Fisher. * January 31 ** The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (conditional prohibition of slavery and involuntary servitude) passes narrowly, in the House of Representatives. ** American Civil War: Confederate General Robert E. Lee becomes general-in-chief. February * February 3 – American Civil War: Hampton Roads Conference: Union and Confederate leaders discuss peace terms. * February 6 – The municipal administration of Finland is established. * February 8 & March 8 – Gregor Mendel reads his paper on '' E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
