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Marie Crous
Marie Crous (fl. 1641) was a French mathematician. She introduced the decimal system to France in the 17th century. Biography Coming from a modest origin, Marie Crous became an accomplished writer and teacher at Charlotte-Rose de Caumont La Force. She was first published in 1636; by 1641, she published a study on the decimal system, which she dedicated to "the saffron-tinted princess" Madame de Combalet, Duchesse d'Aiguillon, niece of Cardinal de Richelieu and a well known patron; she was a friend of Marin Mersenne. However, Marie Crous would never be cited by the eminent members of the academics and scientists within the Minim Roman Catholic religious order, who dominated scientific research in France during that period, and she was never acknowledged as a woman of learning. Catherine GoldsteinNeither public nor private: mathematics in early modern France Her work, printed by Simon Stevin, goes well beyond what was provided at the time in calculation manuals. She wrote, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marie-Madeleine De Vignerot, Duchesse D'Aiguillon
Marie-Madeleine may refer to: ; people *Marie-Madeleine Lachenais (1778–1843), de facto Haitian politician * Marie-Madeleine, the pen name of Gertrud von Puttkamer (1881–1944), German writer of lesbian erotica *Marie-Madeleine Gauthier (1920–1998), French medieval art historian and author *Marie-Madeleine Guimard (1743–1816), French ballerina *Marie-Madeleine Fourcade (1909–1989), the leader of the French Resistance network "Alliance" *Marie-Madeleine de Chauvigny de la Peltrie (1603–1671), Frenchwoman who helped to establish the Ursuline Order in Quebec * Marie Madeleine de Rochechouart de Mortemart (1645–1704), French abbess, better known as Gabrielle de Rochechouart ; places *Sainte-Marie-Madeleine, Quebec, parish municipality in southwestern Quebec, Canada *Église Sainte-Marie-Madeleine, Roman Catholic church in Paris See also *Magdalena lugens, H.343 & H.343 a, motet by Marc-Antoine Charpentier (1686 - 87) *Marie-Magdeleine, oratorio (Drame Sacré) in three act ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metric System
The metric system is a system of measurement that succeeded the decimalised system based on the metre that had been introduced in France in the 1790s. The historical development of these systems culminated in the definition of the International System of Units (SI) in the mid-20th century, under the oversight of an international standards body. Adopting the metric system is known as '' metrication''. The historical evolution of metric systems has resulted in the recognition of several principles. Each of the fundamental dimensions of nature is expressed by a single base unit of measure. The definition of base units has increasingly been realised from natural principles, rather than by copies of physical artefacts. For quantities derived from the fundamental base units of the system, units derived from the base units are used—e.g., the square metre is the derived unit for area, a quantity derived from length. These derived units are coherent, which means that they i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Women Scientists
French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with France ** French cuisine, cooking traditions and practices Fortnite French places Arts and media * The French (band), a British rock band * "French" (episode), a live-action episode of ''The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!'' * ''Française'' (film), 2008 * French Stewart (born 1964), American actor Other uses * French (surname), a surname (including a list of people with the name) * French (tunic), a particular type of military jacket or tunic used in the Russian Empire and Soviet Union * French's, an American brand of mustard condiment * French catheter scale, a unit of measurement of diameter * French Defence, a chess opening * French kiss, a type of kiss involving the tongue See also * France (other) * Franch, a surname * Frenc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
17th-century French Mathematicians
The 17th century lasted from January 1, 1601 ( MDCI), to December 31, 1700 ( MDCC). It falls into the early modern period of Europe and in that continent (whose impact on the world was increasing) was characterized by the Baroque cultural movement, the latter part of the Spanish Golden Age, the Dutch Golden Age, the French '' Grand Siècle'' dominated by Louis XIV, the Scientific Revolution, the world's first public company and megacorporation known as the Dutch East India Company, and according to some historians, the General Crisis. From the mid-17th century, European politics were increasingly dominated by the Kingdom of France of Louis XIV, where royal power was solidified domestically in the civil war of the Fronde. The semi-feudal territorial French nobility was weakened and subjugated to the power of an absolute monarchy through the reinvention of the Palace of Versailles from a hunting lodge to a gilded prison, in which a greatly expanded royal court could be more easily ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nouvelles Annales De Mathématiques
The ''Nouvelles Annales de Mathématiques'' (subtitled ''Journal des candidats aux écoles polytechnique et normale'') was a French scientific journal in mathematics. It was established in 1842 by Olry Terquem and Camille-Christophe Gerono, and continued publication until 1927, with later editors including Charles-Ange Laisant and Raoul Bricard. , retrieved 2014-07-14. Initially published by Carilian-Goeury, it was taken over after several years by a different publisher, Bachelier. Although competing in subject matter with |
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (, ; 12 January 1746 – 17 February 1827) was a Swiss pedagogue and educational reformer who exemplified Romanticism in his approach. He founded several educational institutions both in German- and French-speaking regions of Switzerland and wrote many works explaining his revolutionary modern principles of education. His motto was "Learning by head, hand and heart". Thanks to Pestalozzi, illiteracy in 18th-century Switzerland was overcome almost completely by 1830. Life Early years – 1746–1765 Pestalozzi was born on 12 January 1746, in Zürich, Switzerland. His father was a surgeon and oculist who died at age 33 when Pestalozzi, the second of three children, was five years old; he belonged to a family who had fled the area around Locarno due to its Protestant faith. His mother, whose maiden name was Hotze, was a native of Wädenswil on the lake of Zürich. The family also had a maid, Barbara Schmid, nicknamed Babeli. After the death of Pes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
0 (number)
0 (zero) is a number representing an empty quantity. In place-value notation such as the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, 0 also serves as a placeholder numerical digit, which works by multiplying digits to the left of 0 by the radix, usually by 10. As a number, 0 fulfills a central role in mathematics as the additive identity of the integers, real numbers, and other algebraic structures. Common names for the number 0 in English are ''zero'', ''nought'', ''naught'' (), ''nil''. In contexts where at least one adjacent digit distinguishes it from the letter O, the number is sometimes pronounced as ''oh'' or ''o'' (). Informal or slang terms for 0 include ''zilch'' and ''zip''. Historically, ''ought'', ''aught'' (), and ''cipher'', have also been used. Etymology The word ''zero'' came into the English language via French from the Italian , a contraction of the Venetian form of Italian via ''ṣafira'' or ''ṣifr''. In pre-Islamic time the word (Arabic ) had the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Olry Terquem
Olry Terquem (16 June 1782 – 6 May 1862) was a French mathematician. He is known for his works in geometry and for founding two scientific journals, one of which was the first journal about the history of mathematics. He was also the pseudonymous author (as Tsarphati) of a sequence of letters advocating radical reform in Judaism.. He was French Jewish. Education and career Terquem grew up speaking Yiddish, and studying only the Hebrew language and the Talmud.. Biographical appendix, pp. 385–386. However, after the French revolution his family came into contact with a wider society, and his studies broadened. Despite his poor French he was admitted to study mathematics at the École Polytechnique in Paris, beginning in 1801, as only the second Jew to study there.. See in particulapp. 60–61 He became an assistant there in 1803, and earned his doctorate in 1804. After finishing his studies he moved to Mainz (at that time known as Mayence and part of imperial Fra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metric System
The metric system is a system of measurement that succeeded the decimalised system based on the metre that had been introduced in France in the 1790s. The historical development of these systems culminated in the definition of the International System of Units (SI) in the mid-20th century, under the oversight of an international standards body. Adopting the metric system is known as '' metrication''. The historical evolution of metric systems has resulted in the recognition of several principles. Each of the fundamental dimensions of nature is expressed by a single base unit of measure. The definition of base units has increasingly been realised from natural principles, rather than by copies of physical artefacts. For quantities derived from the fundamental base units of the system, units derived from the base units are used—e.g., the square metre is the derived unit for area, a quantity derived from length. These derived units are coherent, which means that they i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aune
An ell (from Proto-Germanic *''alinō'', cognate with Latin ''ulna'') is a northwestern European unit of measurement, originally understood as a cubit (the combined length of the forearm and extended hand). The word literally means "arm", and survives in the form of the modern English word "elbow" (arm-bend). Later usage through the 19th century refers to several longer units, some of which are thought to derive from a "double ell". An ell-wand or ellwand was a rod of length one ell used for official measurement. Edward I of England required that every town have one. In Scotland, the Belt of Orion was called "the King's Ellwand". An iron ellwand is preserved in the entrance to Stånga Church on the Swedish island of Gotland, indicating the role that rural churches had in disseminating uniform measures. Several national forms existed, with different lengths, including the Scottish ell , the Flemish ell l, the French ell une,Brayshaw, Tom S., ed. ''Brayshaw's Mathemati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toise
A toise (; symbol: T) is a unit of measure for length, area and volume originating in pre-revolutionary France. In North America, it was used in colonial French establishments in early New France, French Louisiana (''Louisiane''), Acadia (''Acadie'') and Quebec. The related () was used in Portugal, Brazil, and other parts of the Portuguese Empire until the adoption of the metric system. Definition Unit of length * 1 toise was divided in 6 feet (french: pieds) or 72 inches () or 864 lines () in France until 1812. : In 1799 the metre was defined to be exactly 443.296 or toise, with the intention that the metre should equal of the distance from the pole to the equator. This had the effect of making the toise approximately 1949.03631 mm. : According to an article written in 1866, during measurement of various standard length artefacts from several countries, the toise was measured as 1,949.03632 mm. :Since before 1394, the standard for the toise of Paris was an iro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
