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Marguerite Thibert
Paule Lucie Marguerite Javouhey, better known as Marguerite Thibert, (1886–1982) was a French academic, advocate for women's rights and an international civil servant. Thibert worked for the International Labour Organization (ILO), from 1926 onwards, engaged with numerous women's organizations, including the French Association for University Women (Association Française des Femmes Diplômées des Universités) and the Correspondence Committee on Women's Work and published many works on women's issues. Personal life Marguerite Thibert was born on 31 January 1886. She was born at home, in Chalon-sur-Saône, France, into a religious family which, in 1806, established the congregation of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny Abbey located in Saône-et-Loire, France. However, she later distanced herself from the church. She was the second of four siblings, born after Elise and before Marie and Pierre. Thibert did not like sharing many details about her private and personal life; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chalon-sur-Saône
Chalon-sur-Saône (, literally ''Chalon on Saône'') is a city in the Saône-et-Loire Departments of France, department in the Regions of France, region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. It is a Subprefectures in France, sub-prefecture of the department. It is the largest city in the department; however, the department capital is the smaller city of Mâcon. Geography Chalon-sur-Saône lies in the south of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté and in the east of France, approximately north of Mâcon. It is located on the Saône river, and was once a busy port, acting as a distribution point for local wines which were sent up and down the Saône river and the Canal du Centre (France), Canal du Centre, opened in 1792. History Ancient times Though the site (ancient ''Cabillonum'') was a capital of the Aedui and objects of La Tène culture have been retrieved from the bed of the river here, the first mention of ''Cavillonum'' is found in Commentarii de Bello Gallico (VII, chs. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geneva
Geneva ( , ; ) ; ; . is the List of cities in Switzerland, second-most populous city in Switzerland and the most populous in French-speaking Romandy. Situated in the southwest of the country, where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva, it is the capital of the Canton of Geneva, Republic and Canton of Geneva, and a centre for international diplomacy. Geneva hosts the highest number of International organization, international organizations in the world, and has been referred to as the world's most compact metropolis and the "Peace Capital". Geneva is a global city, an international financial centre, and a worldwide centre for diplomacy hosting the highest number of international organizations in the world, including the headquarters of many agencies of the United Nations and the International Committee of the Red Cross, ICRC and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, IFRC of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, Red Cross. In the aftermath ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anna Boschek
Anna Boschek (14 May 1874, Vienna – 18 November 1957) was an Austrian politician (Social Democrat) and feminist.Aus vergangenen Tagen. In: Gedenkbuch. 20 Jahre Österreichische Arbeiterinnenbewegung. Im Auftrag des Frauenreichskomitees herausgegeben von Adelheid Popp. Wien 1912, S. 89–102 She was one of the first women in the Austrian parliament. Boschek was the daughter of a railway locksmith. Orphaned at a young age, she was forced to quit school and worked as a domestic and at various factories. She was the ward of Anton Hueber, who also became her political mentor. In 1890, she became the first woman in the Social Democratic Party of Austria's central committee.Lebenslauf und Werke von Anna Boschek im ARIADNE-Projekt Frauen in Bewegung der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek At the time, women were prohibited from engaging in political activity, so she took her seat on the committee under an assumed, male, name. In 1891, Boschek she became a member of the workers' union ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emilie Gourd
Emilie Gourd (1879–1946) was a Swiss feminist and journalist. She played a leading part within the Swiss women's suffrage movement. She was the president of one of the two leading Swiss suffrage unions, the Swiss Women's Association, during 1914–1928. Life and work Gourd is credited as being one of the most prominent figures in the 20th-century Swiss feminist movement. She first became involved in the movement in her mid-30s, but thereafter dedicated her life to the cause. She was particularly active in Geneva Geneva ( , ; ) ; ; . is the List of cities in Switzerland, second-most populous city in Switzerland and the most populous in French-speaking Romandy. Situated in the southwest of the country, where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva, it is the ca ..., where she was born, but also campaigned nationally for women's rights in Switzerland. The particular causes she campaigned for included women's education, equal pay, maternity benefits, disability benefits, and women's e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feminism
Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideology, ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social gender equality, equality of the sexes. Feminism holds the position that modern societies are patriarchal—they prioritize the male point of view—and that women are treated unjustly in these societies. Efforts to change this include fighting against gender stereotypes and improving educational, professional, and interpersonal opportunities and outcomes for women. Originating in late 18th-century Europe, feminist movements have campaigned and continue to campaign for women's rights, including the right to Women's suffrage, vote, Nomination rules, run for public office, Right to work, work, earn gender pay gap, equal pay, Right to property, own property, Right to education, receive education, enter into contracts, have equal rights within marriage, and maternity leave. Feminists have also worked to ensure access to contr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Socialism
Socialism is an economic ideology, economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse Economic system, economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. It describes the Economic ideology, economic, Political philosophy, political, and Social theory, social theories and Political movement, movements associated with the implementation of such systems. Social ownership can take various forms, including State ownership, public, Community ownership, community, Collective ownership, collective, cooperative, or Employee stock ownership, employee.: "Just as private ownership defines capitalism, social ownership defines socialism. The essential characteristic of socialism in theory is that it destroys social hierarchies, and therefore leads to a politically and economically egalitarian society. Two closely related consequences follow. First, every individual is entitled to an equal ownership share that earns an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Évelyne Sullerot
Évelyne Sullerot (née Hammel; 10 October 1924 – 31 March 2017) was a French feminist. She was the author of many feminist books. Early life Évelyne Sullerot was born on 10 October 1924 in Montrouge, France. She was raised in a Protestant family. She was the daughter of André Hammel and Georgette Roustain. Her father, a doctor, made one of the first psychiatric clinics in France. He was Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. Her mother died of hunger and cold at Valence station in 1943. Both, very religiously committed to Protestantism socially and politically, were given the posthumous title of Righteous Among the Nations, for having saved eleven Jews during the German occupation. She also was the cousin of the resistant Elisabeth Rioux-Quintenelle and the great niece of one of the initiators of the feminist movement in France, Louise Massebiau-Compain. Hammel, during her year of philosophy, was arrested then judged in Nîmes by the Vichy police force for "antinational propa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andrée Michel
Andrée Michel (22 September 1920 – 8 February 2022) was a French sociologist, feminist, anticolonialist, and antimilitarist. Sociology After earning a law degree from Aix-Marseille University, Michel studied philosophy at Grenoble Alpes University and became a secondary school teacher. Following the Liberation of France, she moved to Paris and earned a doctorate in sociology from Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University, Panthéon-Sorbonne University in 1959. She began to focus on discussions of discrimination, gender and class inequalities, militarization, and citizenship. Her first publication covered the conditions for Algerian workers in France. A resident of Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis, Montreuil from 1950, Michel shared her daily life with migrant workers, prostitutes, and working-class families. In 2007, she noted that "today, the poor have as much difficulty finding accommodation in the capital as fifty years ago". She joined the French National Centre for Scientific Re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gisèle Halimi
Gisèle Halimi (born Zeiza Gisèle Élise Taïeb, ; 27 July 1927 – 28 July 2020) was a Tunisian-French lawyer, politician, essayist and feminist activist. Biography Zeiza Gisèle Élise Taïeb was born in La Goulette, Tunisia, on 27 July 1927 to a practicing Jewish Berber family. Her father, Edouard Taïeb, began as a courier in a law office before becoming a notary clerk and then a legal expert. He was naturalized as a French citizen in 1928. Her mother, Fortunée "Fritna" Mettoudi, conformed to society's expectations of traditional womanhood, which Halimi cited as the reason for her own early feminist engagement. When Gisèle was born, her parents hid her birth for three weeks because at that time giving birth to a daughter was perceived as a curse. At 12 years old, she refused to wait on her brothers and went on a hunger strike to protest the gender roles enforced by her family. At 15, she refused to marry a rich oil merchant much older than herself. She was educated at a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colette Audry
Colette Audry (6 July 1906 – 20 October 1990) was a French novelist, screenwriter, and critic. Audry was born in Orange, Vaucluse. She won the Prix Médicis for the autobiographical novel Derrière la baignoire (Behind the Bathtub). As a screenwriter she first gained acclaim for ''The Battle for the Railway'' and also wrote for her sister Jacqueline. In politics she was a member of the Anti-Stalinist left (she was a member of the Workers and Peasants' Socialist Party) and an associate to Simone de Beauvoir. She died at Issy-les-Moulineaux, aged 84. Biography Born into a Protestantism family that had distanced itself from religion, Colette Audry's mother was Inès Combes, grand-niece of Gaston Doumergue. After her father, Charles Audry, who was close to socialist circles, joined the prefectural administration, she and her younger sister Jacqueline Audry spent part of their childhood in various postings: first in Nice, then in Ardèche in 1914, and finally in Côtes-du-Nord in 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mouvement De Libération Des Femmes
The Mouvement de libération des femmes (MLF, ) is a French autonomous, single-sex feminist movement that advocates women's bodily autonomy and challenges patriarchal society. It was founded in 1970, in the wake of the American Women's Lib movement and the events of May 1968. The movement challenges traditional forms of militancy: it operates through general assemblies, small decentralized groups and has a repertoire of extra-parliamentary actions such as the organization of events, the creation and signing of petitions, the holding of public meetings, etc. History On August 26, 1970, a dozen anonymous activists laid a wreath under the Arc de Triomphe in praise of the wife of the Unknown Soldier. This action was led by nine women, including Cathy Bernheim, Christine Delphy, Monique Wittig, Christiane Rochefort and Namascar Shaktini. Their banners displayed this phrase: "There is more unknown than the unknown soldier: his wife". They were immediately arrested by the pol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Retirement Age
This article lists the statutory retirement age in different countries. In some contexts, the retirement age is the age at which a person is expected or required to cease work. It is usually the age at which such a person may be entitled to receive superannuation or other government benefits, like a state pension. History and establishment The first recorded use of a state pension was established in the Roman Empire in 13 BC by Augustus for military veterans who had served for at least 16 years in a legion and four years in the reserves. This was later increased to 20 years in a legion and five years in the reserves.Clark, R. L., Craig, L. A., & Wilson, J. W. (n.d.). A History of Public Sector Pensions in the United States. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4011: University of Pennsylvania Press. Retrieved from https://pensionresearchcouncil.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/0-8122-3714-5-3.pdf The first retirement age was set in Germany by Otto von Bismarck in 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
