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Maratha–Sikh Clashes
The Maratha–Sikh clashes of 1766–1798 were a series of intermittent conflicts between the Maratha Empire and the Sikh Confederacy, primarily in Northern India. These confrontations were concentrated in the Cis-Sutlej territories and the Upper Gangetic Doab. Hostilities were largely initiated by the Sikhs, who sought to raid the Upper Doab and Delhi for plunder. Opposing them were the Marathas, who not only aimed to consolidate their northern dominions after their recovery from the defeat at Panipat in 1761 and to protect their Mughal puppet Emperor Shah Alam II from the Sikh raids but also extend their influence up to Satluj. During the 1790s, women of the Patiala ruling-house, notably Rani Rajinder Kaur (d. 1791, cousin of Amar Singh) and Rani Sahib Kaur (d. 1799, sister of Sahib Singh) defended the political entity of Patiala from the Marathas through their leadership. Background By the year 1769, The Sikh Misls came out triumphant in the Punjab. Ahmad Shah Durrani ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
India
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since 2023; and, since its independence in 1947, the world's most populous democracy. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is near Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia. Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago., "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. ... Coalescence dates for most non-European populations averag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tara Singh Ghaiba
Tara Singh Ghaiba (1710–1807) was an associate member of the Dallewalia Misl, who became the Leader of the Misl after the death of their founding member and head Sardar Gulab Singh. He made Rahon the capital of his Misl. Early life Sardar Tara Singh was supposedly born in 1710. He belonged to a Jat family of Kang Clan, from a village called Kang, present day six kilometers south of Lohian, in Tahsil Nakodar Punjab, India. They had about hundred goats. When he was a young goatherd, he mastered the skill to cross his flock through the Bein with ropes. And earned the name ''Ghaiba'' meaning he who could adopt mysterious devices. Once a notorious Gujjar robber Sulaiman, stolen his goats. The incident shook him, and In sheer desperation and despair, Tara left his village and started robbing. His reckless bravery added companions in his act. In March 1757, He earned his first horse by ditching Ahmad Shah Durrani's troops. When they made Tara captive and asked to help them cross t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cis-Sutlej States
The Cis-Sutlej states were a group of states in the contemporary Punjab and Haryana states of northern India during the 19th century, lying between the Sutlej River on the north, the Himalayas on the east, the Yamuna River and Delhi District on the south, and Sirsa District on the west. The small Punjabi kingdoms of the Cis-Sutlej states were under influence of Marathas, until the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 1803–1805, after which the Marathas lost this territory to the British. During the British period, some of the cis-Sutlej were annexed by the British due to the doctrine of lapse. The Cis-Sutlej states included Kalsia State, Kaithal State, Patiala State, Nabha State, Jind State, Thanesar, Malerkotla State, Ludhiana, Kapurthala State, Ladwa State, Ambala, Ferozpur District (without Fazilka) and Faridkot State, among others.See point 81(c) or Pdf reader page no. - 44 Land Administration Punjab/ref> A large amount of the cis-Sutlej states were Phulkian states ruled by a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahmad Shah Durrani
Ahmad Shāh Durrānī (; ; – 4 June 1772), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī (), was the first ruler and founder of the Durrani Empire. He is often regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan. Throughout his reign, Ahmad Shah fought over fifteen major military campaigns. Nine of them being centered in India, three in Khorasan province, Khorasan, and three in Afghan Turkestan. Having rarely lost a battle, historians widely recognize Ahmad Shah as a brilliant military leader and tactician, typically being compared to rulers such as Mahmud of Ghazni, Babur, and as well as Nader Shah. Historian Hari Ram Gupta refers to Ahmad Shah as the "greatest general of Asia of his time", as well as one of the greatest conquerors in Asian history. Name and title His birth name was Ahmad Khan, born into the Durrani, Abdali tribe. After his accession to power in 1747, he became known as Ahmad Shah. His tribe also changed the name from Abdali, instead becoming the Durrani. Afghans often ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sikh Misls
The Sikh Confederacy was a confederation of twelve sovereign Sikh states (each known as a Misl, derived from the Arabic word مِثْل meaning 'equal'; sometimes spelt as Misal) which rose during the 18th century in the Punjab region in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. History In order to withstand the persecution of Shah Jahan and other Mughal emperors, several of the later Sikh Gurus established military forces and fought the Mughal Empire and Simla Hills' Kings in the early and middle Mughal-Sikh Wars and the Hill States–Sikh wars. Banda Singh Bahadur continued Sikh resistance to the Mughal Empire until his defeat at the Battle of Gurdas Nangal. For several years Sikhs found refuge in the forests and the Himalayan foothills until they organized themselves into guerilla bands known as ''jathas''. The basis of the Dal Khalsa army was established in 1733–1735 during the period of Sikh nawabship under the Mughals, based upon the numerous pre-exi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amar Singh Of Patiala
Amar Singh (1748–1781) was the second ruler and the Raja-e-Rajgan (King of Kings) of Patiala. Singh succeeded his grandfather, Ala Singh, as the Raja of Patiala in 1765. In 1767, Ahmed Shah Abdali, the founder and king of the Afghan Durrani Empire, bestowed upon Singh the title of Raja-e-Rajgan, a superior royal title compared to the titles of other Sikh rulers and leaders. During his reign, Singh through many battles and conflicts, made Patiala the most powerful state between the Yamuna and the Sutlej rivers of North India. Singh also successfully continued the pragmatic foreign policy of his grandfather, Ala Singh, by maintaining good relations with both the Dal Khalsa and the Durrani Empire. His death in 1781, at the age of 34, is seen by historians as a tragedy for Patiala and Punjabi history. Historians have speculated that had Singh lived longer, he would have managed to grow Patiala to rival Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Sikh Empire and would have kept the British Empire ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bibi Rajindar Kaur
Bibi Rajindar Kaur (1739–1791), also known as Rajindan or Rajindran, was a Sikh princess of Patiala. Kaur was the granddaughter of Ala Singh, the founder and first Raja of Patiala, and the first cousin of Amar Singh, the Raja-e-Rajgan and second ruler of Patiala. She is remembered for her leadership in protecting the Patiala kingdom from Marathas in the late-18th century, alongside Rani Sahib Kaur. Biography Rajindar Kaur, the daughter of Bhumia Singh, was born in 1739. She was the granddaughter of Ala Singh, the founder and first Raja of Patiala. Kaur was raised by her grandfather, Ala Singh, after her father, Bhumia, died when she was 4 years old and in 1751, she was married to Chaudhari Tilok Chand of Phagwara. Her husband, Tilok Chand, soon died and she was left in charge of her husband's estates, which consisted of over 200 villages. In 1765, Kaur offered to pay for the release of her grandfather, Ala Singh, after he was held captive by Ahmad Shah Durrani, the K ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Satluj
The Sutlej River or the Satluj River is a major river in Asia, flowing through China, India and Pakistan, and is the longest of the five major rivers of the Punjab region. It is also known as ''Satadru''; and is the easternmost tributary of the Indus River. The combination of the Sutlej and Chenab rivers in the plains of Punjab forms the Panjnad, which finally flows into the Indus River at Mithankot. In India, the Bhakra Dam is built around the river Sutlej to provide irrigation and other facilities to the states of Punjab, Rajasthan and Haryana. The waters of the Sutlej are allocated to India under the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan, and are mostly diverted to irrigation canals in India like the Sirhind Canal, Bhakra Main Line and the Rajasthan canal. The mean annual flow is 14 million acre feet (MAF) (roughly 1.727 × 1013 L) upstream of Ropar barrage, downstream of the Bhakra dam. It has several major hydroelectric points, including t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sikh Attacks On Delhi
Sikh attacks on Delhi were common in the second half of the 18th century. The Sikhs attacked Delhi 19 times between 1766 and 1788. Background Sikhs were very scornful towards Delhi due to the following reasons. * Mughal Emperor Jahangir tortured Guru Arjan Dev to death. * Guru Hargobind was imprisoned in the fort of Gwalior by Jahangir. * Guru Tegh Bahadur was beheaded on the orders of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb at Chandni Chowk. * Guru Gobind Singh suffered a lot at the hands of Delhi. He lost his four sons, two in the Battle of Chamkaur and two were bricked alive by Wazir Khan (Sirhind). * Banda Singh Bahadur was executed on the orders of Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar in Delhi. * Sikhs suffered massacres like Chota Ghalughara and other persecutions in Punjab under the Mughal rulers. Prelude In November 1764, Sikhs helped Jats of Bharatpur, under the command of Jawahir Singh, to capture Delhi after the Battle of Delhi (1764). First attack After defeating Mughals in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Third Battle Of Panipat
The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 January 1761 between the Maratha Empire and the invading army of the Durrani Empire. The battle took place in and around the city of Panipat, approximately north of Delhi. The Afghan (ethnonym), Afghans were supported by three key allies in Indian subcontinent, India: Najib ad-Dawlah, Najib ud-Daula who persuaded the support of the Rohilla chiefs, elements of the declining Mughal Empire, and most prized the Oudh State under Shuja-ud-Daula. Several high ranking nobles of the Mughal Empire were able to persuade Chand kingdom, Maharaja Deep Chand of the Kingdom of Kumaon, an old Himalayas, Himalayan ally of the Mughal Empire, to support the Afghan (ethnonym), Afghan side in the battle. The Maratha army was led by Sadashivrao Bhau, who was third-highest authority of the Maratha Confederacy after the Chhatrapati and the Peshwa. The bulk of the Maratha army was stationed in the Deccan Plateau with the Peshwa. Militarily, the battle pitted ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Delhi
Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. Straddling the Yamuna river, but spread chiefly to the west, or beyond its Bank (geography), right bank, Delhi shares borders with the state of Uttar Pradesh in the east and with the state of Haryana in the remaining directions. Delhi became a union territory on 1 November 1956 and the NCT in 1995. The NCT covers an area of . According to the 2011 census, Delhi's city proper population was over 11 million, while the NCT's population was about 16.8 million. The topography of the medieval fort Purana Qila on the banks of the river Yamuna matches the literary description of the citadel Indraprastha in the Sanskrit epic ''Mahabharata''; however, excavations in the area have revealed no signs of an ancient built environment. From the early 13th century until the mid-19th century, Delhi was the capital of two major empires, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Doab
''Doab'' () is a term used in South Asia Quote: "Originally and chiefly in South Asia: (the name of) a strip or narrow tract of land between two rivers; spec. (with) the area between the rivers Ganges and Jumna in northern India." for the tract Quote: "confluence, land between two rivers, used in India of the tongue of land between the Ganges and Jumna, and of similar tracts in the Punjab, etc., lit. ‘two waters’ " of land lying between two confluent rivers. It is similar to an interfluve. Quote: " a tract of land between two rivers : interfluve" In the ''Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary'', R. S. McGregor refers to its Persian origin in defining it as ''do-āb'' (, literally "two odies ofwater") "a region lying between and reaching to the confluence of two rivers." Khadir, bangar, barani, nali and bagar Since North India and Pakistan are coursed by a multiplicity of Himalayan rivers that divide the plains into ''doabs'' (i.e. regions between two rivers), the Ind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
