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Marat Jylanbaev
Marat Tolegenuly Zhylanbayev (, ; born 19 August 1963) is a Kazakh human rights activist, politician, and former long-distance runner. As an athlete, Zhylanbayev became known for running Ultramarathons across the largest deserts in Asia, Africa, Australia and the Americas. After starting his political career in local politics in the city of Ekibastuz from the late 1990s, Zhylanbayev became more widely known as an activist following the 2022 Kazakh unrest, when he attempted to officially register his own political party "Alga, Kazakhstan!" (). In May 2023, he was arrested and charged with "financing extremist activities" and "participating in a banned extremist organisation"; he has since been described as a political prisoner by Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty and the Human Rights Watch. Early life and education Zhylanbayev was born into an Argyn family on 19 August 1963 in Taldy, Karkaraly District, Karaganda Region, in what was then the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. His pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ultramarathon
An ultramarathon is a footrace longer than the traditional marathon distance of . The sport of running ultramarathons is called ultra running or ultra distance running. Various distances, surfaces, and formats are raced competitively, from the shortest common ultramarathon of and up to 3100 miles. Around is typically the longest course distance raced in under 24 hours, but there are also longer multiday races commonly held as 48 hours, , or more, sometimes raced in stages with breaks for sleep. The oldest and largest ultramarathons are on road, including the Comrades Marathon (more than 10,000 finishers annually) and Two Oceans Marathon (more than 6,000 finishers annually). The world's longest certified footrace is the Self-Transcendence 3100 Mile Race. Many ultras have historical significance, including the Spartathlon, based on the 246 km run of Greek messenger Pheidippides from Athens to Sparta during the Battle of Marathon in a day and a half to seek aid against t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karakum Desert
The Karakum Desert ( ; rus, Каракумы, p=kərɐˈkumɨ), also spelt and (; ), is a desert in Central Asia. The name refers to the shale-rich sand beneath the surface. It occupies about 70 percent, or roughly , of Turkmenistan. The population is sparse, with an average of one person per . Rainfall is also rare, ranging from per year. Geography The desert covers roughly seventy percent of Turkmenistan, a long east–west swath. It sits east of the Caspian Sea which has a steep east bank. It adjoins, to the north, the long delta feeding the South Aral Sea further north, another endorheic lake, about higher than the Caspian Sea. The delta is that of the Amu Darya river to the northeast, demarcating the long border with the Kyzylkum Desert of Uzbekistan. The desert is divided into three regions, the elevated northern Trans-Unguz Karakum, the low-lying Central Karakum, and the southeastern Karakum, home to a chain of salt marshes. Since the early 1980s, the relatively sm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mäjilis
The Mäjilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan (; ), commonly shortened as Mäjilis or Mazhilis ( Kazakh Cyrillic: Мәжіліс , 'Assembly'), is the lower house of the Parliament of Kazakhstan, alongside the upper house Senate. Together, they form the national bicameral legislature of Kazakhstan, responsible for enacting legislation. Established by the Constitution of Kazakhstan following the 1995 constitutional referendum, the Mäjilis was first convened in 1996. The chamber plays role in the legislative process, debating and passing laws, where lawmakers discuss key issues facing the country and propose solutions to address them by representing the interests of constituents. With a membership of 98 deputies, the chamber is led by a Mäjilis chairman and convenes in the Parliament Building situated in the Kazakhstan's capital city of Astana. Deputies of Mäjilis are directly elected to five-year terms, with the electoral process employing a mixed voting syst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2023 Kazakh Legislative Election
Snap legislative elections were held in Kazakhstan on 19 March 2023 to elect the members of the Mäjilis. This was the ninth legislative election since Kazakhstan's independence in 1991 and the first snap election for the Mäjilis seats since 2016. It was held alongside the local assembly elections. At the September 2022 State of the Nation Address, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev announced snap legislative elections to take place in the first half of 2023 in the aftermath of deadly unrest in January 2022. During that time, a series of laws and amendments were approved following the 2022 constitutional referendum, which aimed to reform Kazakhstan's political system by granting more parliamentary powers to the lower chamber Mäjilis as well as for its mandate seats to be allocated via mixed electoral system for the first time since 2004. Following Tokayev's reelection win in the 2022 presidential election, he signed a presidential decree on 19 January 2023 in dissolving the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Parliament
The European Parliament (EP) is one of the two legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it adopts European legislation, following a proposal by the European Commission. The Parliament is composed of 720 members (MEPs), after the June 2024 European elections, from a previous 705 MEPs. It represents the second-largest democratic electorate in the world (after the Parliament of India), with an electorate of around 375 million eligible voters in 2024. Since 1979, the Parliament has been directly elected every five years by the citizens of the European Union through universal suffrage. Voter turnout in parliamentary elections decreased each time after 1979 until 2019, when voter turnout increased by eight percentage points, and rose above 50% for the first time since 1994. The voting age is 18 in all EU member states e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kazakhstani Tenge
The tenge ( or ; , ; ; Currency symbol, sign: ₸ ; ISO 4217, code: KZT) is the currency of Kazakhstan. It is divided into 100 tiyn (, ). History After the breakup of the Soviet Union in December 1991, most of the formerly Soviet republics attempted to maintain a common currency. Some politicians hoped to at least maintain "special relations" among former Soviet republics (the "near abroad"). Other reasons were the economic considerations for maintaining the ruble zone. The wish to preserve strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal. The break-up of the Soviet Union was not accompanied by any formal changes in monetary arrangements. The Central Bank of Russia took over the State Bank of the USSR (Gosbank) on 1 January 1992. It continued to ship Soviet notes and coins to the central banks of the eleven newly independent countries, which had formerly been the main branches of Gosbank in the republics. The political situation, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nursultan Nazarbayev
Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev (born 6 July 1940) is a Kazakhstani politician who served as the first president of Kazakhstan from 1991 to 2019. He also held the special title of Elbasy from 2010 to 2022 and chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan, Security Council from 1991 to 2022. Nazarbayev’s political career began in the Soviet era, where he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1962 while working as a steel factory worker. Rising through the party ranks, he became Prime Minister of Kazakhstan, Prime Minister of the Kazakh SSR in 1984 and First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan (Soviet Union), Communist Party of Kazakhstan in 1989. In 1990 Kazakh presidential election, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Supreme Soviet elected him as the president of Kazakhstan. Nazarbayev played a key role in navigating Kazakhstan through the dissolution of the Soviet Union, leading to the country's independence in 1991. In th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
President Of Kazakhstan
The president of Kazakhstan, officially the president of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the executive head of state of the Kazakhstan and the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan. As the highest-ranking official in the country, the president also chairs the National Security Council with the powers and responsibilities of the office as outlined in a special section of the Constitution of Kazakhstan. The office of the president was established in 1990, a year before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, with Nursultan Nazarbayev becoming the first president. Nazarbayev served in office for nearly three decades until his resignation in March 2019. Following his resignation, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, assumed the acting presidency on 20 March 2019, who was then elected in the June 2019 presidential election. The presidential residence is located in Akorda Residence, the official residence and workplace of the president. Under the Constitution, the pre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akim
An ''akim'' (, , әкімдер / ''äkimder''; ; , ) is the head of a local government in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. ''Akim'' is derived from the Arabic word '' hakim'', which means "ruler" or "governor". Definitions Kazakhstan In Kazakhstan, an ''äkim'' is the head of an ''äkimdik'', a municipal, district, or provincial government (''äkimdik''), and serves as the Presidential representative. ''Äkims'' of regions and cities are appointed to the post by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. Meanwhile, the ''äkims'' of other administrative and territorial units are appointed or selected to the post in an order defined by the President. He may also dismiss äkims from their posts. Powers of ''äkims'' ends with the introduction into the post of new-elected president of the republic. Thus, the ''äkim'' continues to fulfill the duties before appointment of corresponding äkim by the President of Kazakhstan. Kyrgyzstan In Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan, offici ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charyn Canyon
Charyn Canyon (, ), also known as the Sharyn Canyon (, ) is a canyon on the Charyn River in Kazakhstan. It is located about east of Almaty, close to the KazakhChinese border. The canyon is roughly in length. It is part of the Charyn National Park established on 23 February 2004 and is located within the territory of the Uygur, Raiymbek, and Enbekshikazakh Districts of the Almaty Region. The canyon features many formations formed by the weathering of sedimentary rock. Though it is much smaller than the Grand Canyon, it has been described as being equally impressive. Features The canyon consists of a formation along the banks of the Charyn River of approximately ( is also stated). The river has a total length of . The river originates from the Tian Shan Mountains that range over the arid semi-desert to eastern Almaty. In various places, it attains a depth of . The Charyn Canyon consists of 5 different canyons: the Valley of Castles (the most popular part of the Charyn C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Altyn-Emel National Park
The Altyn-Emel State National Nature Park (; ) is a national park in Kazakhstan. It was created in 1996. The park covers about between the Ili River and the Aqtau mountain range, near Kapchagay Reservoir, Lake Kapchagai, and consists mostly of desert and rocky terrain. Features Altyn-Emel National Park is located in the Ili River Valley. It comprises various landscapes, including sand desert, mountains, and flora. The park was founded on April 10, 1996, with the objective to preserve a natural park complex, as well as archaeological and historical monuments. It is the largest reserve in Kazakhstan. It consists of two main parts: the plain that adjoins the right Bank of the Ili river and the mountain, and the spurs of the Dzungarian Alatau and the macro-slope of the Altyn-Emel range. Small island mountain ranges are located on the plains. On the territory of the park, Carboniferous deposits (300 million years old) have been identified, which are mainly represented by volcanit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amnesia
Amnesia is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage or brain diseases,Gazzaniga, M., Ivry, R., & Mangun, G. (2009) Cognitive Neuroscience: The biology of the mind. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. but it can also be temporarily caused by the use of various sedative and hypnotic drugs. The memory can be either wholly or partially lost due to the extent of damage that is caused. There are two main types of amnesia: * Retrograde amnesia is the inability to remember information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an accident or operation. In some cases, the memory loss can extend back decades, while in other cases, people may lose only a few months of memory. * Anterograde amnesia is the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store. People with anterograde amnesia cannot remember things for long periods of time. These two types are not mutually exclusive; both can also occur simultaneously. Case stud ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
