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Manuel Freire De Andrade
Manuel Alberto Freire de Andrade y Armijo (4 November 1767 – 7 March 1835) was a Spanish cavalry officer and general officer during the Peninsular War, and later Defense Minister. Freire (also known as Freyre) was born in Carmona, Spain near Seville, to a Spanish cavalry officer from Galicia, Francisco Freire de Andrade, and his wife Josefa Armijo y Bravo, also from Carmona. He joined his father's Alcántara cavalry regiment as a minor cadet when just seven years old, and on 1 January 1780 became an ordinary cadet. He participated in his first battle on 15 May 1793, against revolutionary French forces during the opening of the Battle of Mas Deu, part of the War of the Pyrenees. Freire spent the next two years in Rousillon and Catalonia, including that war's last actions during which Spanish forces recaptured Puigcerda and Bellver (after the peace treaty had been signed).Urquijo Goitia, José Ramón"Diccionario biográfico de ministros". Instituto de Historia.Retrieved 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cavalry
Historically, cavalry (from the French word ''cavalerie'', itself derived from ''cheval'' meaning "horse") are groups of soldiers or warriors who Horses in warfare, fight mounted on horseback. Until the 20th century, cavalry were the most mobile of the combat arms, operating as light cavalry in the roles of reconnaissance, Screening (tactical), screening, and skirmisher, skirmishing, or as heavy cavalry for decisive economy of force and shock attacks. An individual soldier in the cavalry is known by a number of designations depending on era and tactics, such as a cavalryman, Equestrianism, horseman, trooper (rank), trooper, cataphract, knight, Drabant Corps of Charles XII, drabant, hussar, uhlan, mamluk, cuirassier, lancer, dragoon, samurai or horse archer. The designation of ''cavalry'' was not usually given to any Military animal, military forces that used other animals or platforms for mounts, such as chariots, Camel cavalry, camels or War elephant, elephants. Infantry who m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Valencia (province)
Valencia ( , ), officially València (), is a province of Spain, in the central part of the autonomous Valencian Community. Of the province's 2.7 million people (2024), almost one-third live in the capital, Valencia, which is also the capital of the autonomous community and the 3rd biggest city in Spain, with a metropolitan area of 2,522,383 people it is also one of the most populated cities of Southern Europe. There are 265 municipalities in the province. History Although the Spanish Constitution of 1812 loosely created the province of València, a stable administrative entity does not arise until the territorial division of Spain in 1833, remaining today without major changes. The Provincial Council of Valencia dates from that period. After the Valencian Statute of Autonomy of 1982, the province became part of the Valencian Community. Valencian and Spanish are the official languages. Geography It is bordered by the provinces of Alicante, Albacete, Cuenca, Teruel, C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1835 Deaths
Events January–March * January 7 – anchors off the Chonos Archipelago on her second voyage, with Charles Darwin on board as naturalist. * January 8 – The United States public debt contracts to zero, for the only time in history. * January 24 – Malê Revolt: African slaves of Yoruba Muslim origin revolt against Brazilian owners at Salvador, Bahia. * January 26 ** Queen Maria II of Portugal marries Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg, in Lisbon; he dies only two months later. ** Saint Paul's in Macau is largely destroyed by fire after a typhoon hits. * January 30 – The first assassination attempt against a President of the United States is carried out against U.S. President Andrew Jackson at the United States Capitol * February 1 – Slavery is abolished in Mauritius. * February 20 – 1835 Concepción earthquake: Concepción, Chile, is destroyed by an earthquake. The resulting tsunami destroys the neighboring city of Talcahuano. * March 2 – ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1767 Births
Events January–March * January 1 – The first annual volume of ''The Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris'', produced by British Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, gives navigators the means to find longitude at sea, using tables of lunar distance. * January 9 – William Tryon, governor of the Royal Colony of North Carolina, signs a contract with architect John Hawks to build Tryon Palace, a lavish Georgian style governor's mansion on the New Bern waterfront. * February 16 – On orders from head of state Pasquale Paoli of the newly independent Republic of Corsica, a contingent of about 200 Corsican soldiers begins an invasion of the small island of Capraia off of the coast of northern Italy and territory of the Republic of Genoa. By May 31, the island is conquered as its defenders surrender.George Renwick, ''Romantic Corsica: Wanderings in Napoleon's Isle'' (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1910) p230 * February 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Glover (historian)
Michael Glover (1922–1990) served in the British army during the Second World War, after which he joined the British Council and became a professional author. He has written many articles and books on Napoleonic and Victorian warfare. Published works Glover has written the following published works: * ''Britannia Sickens: Sir Arthur Wellesley and the Convention of Cintra'', London: Leo Cooper, 1970. * ''Legacy of Glory. The Bonaparte Kingdom of Spain, 1808-1813'', London: Leo Cooper, 1972. * ''Wellington as Military Commander'', London: Sphere Books, 1973. * ''The Peninsular War, 1807-1814: A Concise Military History'', London: David & Charles; Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1974. * ''Rorke's Drift: A Victorian Epic'', London: Cooper, 1975. * ''General Burgoyne in Canada and America: Scapegoat for a System'', London: Gordon & Cremonesi; ew York: Atheneum Publishers 1976. * ''A Very Slippery Fellow: The Life of Sir Robert Wilson 1777-1849'', Oxford: OUP, 1978. * ''The Napoleonic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diego Ballesteros
Diego Martín Ballesteros (1759–1840) was a Spanish military commander. Early career Promoted to lieutenant in 1788, he saw action in the War of the Pyrenees as aide-de-camp to lieutenant general Manuel Moncada, Prince of Monforte.. Isabel Sánchez, José Luis"Diego Martín Ballesteros". ''Diccionario Biográfico electrónico'' (''DB~e'').Real Academia de la Historia. Retrieved 19 April 2023. As a captain in 1794, Ballesteros saw further action in the War of the Oranges and in 1803 was promoted to brigadier. Peninsular War Having fought under the orders of General Castaños at Bailén Bailén (archaically known as Baylen in English) is a town in the province of Jaén, Spain. History Bailén is probably the ancient Baecula, where the Romans, under Scipio the Elder, signally defeated the Carthaginians in 209 and 206 B.C. In ..., Ballesteros later commanded the Granada Regiment of Dragoons at Almonacid, where he was taken prisoner and sent to France for the remai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Redoubt
A redoubt (historically redout) is a Fortification, fort or fort system usually consisting of an enclosed defensive emplacement outside a larger fort, usually relying on Earthworks (engineering), earthworks, although some are constructed of stone or brick. It is meant to protect soldiers outside the main defensive line and can be a permanent structure or a hastily constructed temporary fortification. The word means "a place of retreat". Redoubts were a component of the military strategies of most European empires during the colonial era, especially in the outer works of Vauban-style fortresses made popular during the 17th century, although the concept of redoubts has existed since medieval times. A redoubt differs from a redan in that the redan is open in the rear, whereas the redoubt was considered an enclosed work. Historically important redoubts English Civil War During the English Civil War, redoubts were frequently built to protect older fortifications from the more effe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Toulouse (1814)
A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force commitment. An engagement with only limited commitment between the forces and without decisive results is sometimes called a skirmish. The word "battle" can also be used infrequently to refer to an entire operational campaign, although this usage greatly diverges from its conventional or customary meaning. Generally, the word "battle" is used for such campaigns if referring to a protracted combat encounter in which either one or both of the combatants had the same methods, resources, and strategic objectives throughout the encounter. Some prominent examples of this would be the Battle of the Atlantic, Battle of Britain, and the Battle of France, all in World War II. Wars and military campaigns are guided by military strategy, wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Nivelle
The Battle of Nivelle (10 November 1813) took place in front of the river Nivelle near the end of the Peninsular War (1808–1814). After the Allied siege of San Sebastian, Wellington's 80,000 British, Portuguese and Spanish troops (20,000 of the Spaniards were untried in battle) were in hot pursuit of Marshal Soult who had 60,000 men to place in a 20-mile perimeter. After the Light Division, the main British army was ordered to attack and the 3rd Division split Soult's army in two. By two o'clock, Soult was in retreat and the British in a strong offensive position. Soult had lost another battle on French soil and had lost 4,500 men to Wellington's 5,500. Background In the Siege of San Sebastian, the Anglo-Portuguese stormed and captured the port at the beginning of September 1813. In the Battle of San Marcial on 31 August, Soult failed to break through the Spanish defences in his final attempt to relieve the siege. The French army then fell back to defend the Bid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of The Bidassoa (1813)
In the Battle of the Bidasoa (or the Battle of Larrun) on 7 October 1813 the Allied army of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Marquess of Wellington wrested a foothold on French soil from Nicolas Soult's French army. The Allied troops overran the French lines behind the Bidassoa River on the coast and along the Pyrenees crest between the Bidasoa and La Rhune (Larrun). The nearest towns to the fighting are Irun on the lower Bidassoa and Bera, Navarre, Bera on the middle Bidasoa. The battle occurred during the Peninsular War, part of the wider Napoleonic Wars. Wellington aimed his main assault at the lower Bidasoa, while sending additional troops to attack Soult's centre. Believing his coastal sector secure, Soult held the right flank with a relatively weak force while concentrating most of his strength on his left flank in the mountains. However, the British general obtained local intelligence that indicated that water levels on the lower river were m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laureate Cross Of Saint Ferdinand
The Royal and Military Order of Saint Ferdinand () is a Spanish military order of chivalry, the decoration of which, the Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand (), is Spain's highest military decoration for gallantry. Membership of the order, which is sometimes abbreviated RMOSF, is awarded in recognition of action, either individual or collective, to protect the nation, its citizens, or the peace and security of the international community in the face of immediate risk to the bearer. Those eligible are current and former members of the Spanish Armed Forces. The Sovereign of the Order of San Fernando is the monarch of Spain, who presides over the biennial chapter held in the Royal Monastery of El Escorial. The sovereign's representative in the Order is the Grand Master, who governs it and is aided by the Maestranza. Among the conditions laid out by the Royal Military Order of Saint Ferdinand for the granting of the award are: * that the sole purpose of the action taken wasn't the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of San Marcial
The Battle of San Marcial, waged on 31 August 1813, was one of the last battles fought on Spanish soil during the Peninsular War. At San Marcial, just outside Irún, close to the French border, Spain's Army of Galicia, led by General Freire, turned back Marshal Soult's last major offensive against the army of Britain's Wellington. Background Wellington approached San Sebastián in the aftermath of the Vitoria campaign and put the city under siege in July 1813, aiming to reduce the important coastal fortress while the French army withdrew eastwards, nursing its wounds from Vitoria. San Sebastián and Pamplona sat on Wellington's flanks, guarding the approaches to the French border, and needed to be pried from French hands before the allies could pursue operations into France. However, it appears Wellington misjudged the resourcefulness and determination of the French garrison and its commander, General of Brigade Rey. British assaults sustained very bloody repulses, losing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
