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Manual Small Incision Cataract Surgery
Manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS) is an evolution of extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE); the lens is removed from the eye through a self-sealing scleral tunnel wound. A well-constructed scleral tunnel is held closed by internal pressure, is watertight, and does not require suturing. The wound is relatively smaller than that in ECCE but is still markedly larger than a phacoemulsification wound. Comparative trials of MSICS against phaco in dense cataracts have found no statistically significant difference in outcomes but MSICS had shorter operating times and significantly lower costs. MSICS has become the method of choice in the developing world because it provides high-quality outcomes with less surgically induced astigmatism than ECCE, no suture-related problems, quick rehabilitation, and fewer post-operative visits. MSICS is easy and fast to learn for the surgeon, cost effective, simple, and applicable to almost all types of cataract. Description MSICS is a pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ophthalmology
Ophthalmology (, ) is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and surgery of eye diseases and disorders. An ophthalmologist is a physician who undergoes subspecialty training in medical and surgical eye care. Following a medical degree, a doctor specialising in ophthalmology must pursue additional postgraduate residency training specific to that field. In the United States, following graduation from medical school, one must complete a four-year residency in ophthalmology to become an ophthalmologist. Following residency, additional specialty training (or fellowship) may be sought in a particular aspect of eye pathology. Ophthalmologists prescribe medications to treat ailments, such as eye diseases, implement laser therapy, and perform surgery when needed. Ophthalmologists provide both primary and specialty eye care—medical and surgical. Most ophthalmologists participate in academic research on eye diseases at some point in their training and many inc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Capsulotomy
Capsulotomy (BrE /kæpsjuː'lɒtəmi/, AmE /kæpsuː'lɑːtəmi/) is a type of eye surgery in which an incision is made into the capsule of the crystalline lens of the eye. In modern cataract operations, the lens capsule is usually not removed. The most common forms of cataract surgery remove nearly all of the crystalline lens but do not remove the crystalline lens capsule (the outer "bag" layer of the crystalline lens). The crystalline lens capsule is retained and used to contain and position the intraocular lens implant (IOL). Anterior capsulotomy The removal of the central part of the anterior lens capsule during cataract surgery is known as anterior capsulotomy. It gives the surgeon access to the lens inside so that it can be removed. The remaining part of the capsule is left in place and provides a barrier between the anterior and posterior chambers that prevents leakage of the vitreous into the anterior chamber, and provides a natural support for an implanted intraocular ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome
Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS) is a complication that may occur during cataract extraction in certain patients. This syndrome is characterized by a flaccid iris which billows in response to ordinary intraocular fluid currents, a propensity for this floppy iris to prolapse towards the area of cataract extraction during surgery, and progressive intraoperative pupil constriction despite standard procedures to prevent this. IFIS has been associated with tamsulosin (e.g., Flomax), a medication widely prescribed for urinary symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Tamsulosin is a selective alpha blocker that works by relaxing the bladder and prostatic smooth muscle. As such, it also relaxes the iris dilator muscle by binding to its postsynaptic nerve endings. Various alpha-blockers are associated with IFIS, but tamsulosin has a stronger association than the others. Drug classes such as atypical antipsychotics, and tricyclic antidepressants also have been ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage
Intraocular hemorrhage (sometimes called hemophthalmos or hemophthalmia) is bleeding inside the eye (''oculus'' in Latin). Bleeding can occur from any structure of the eye where there is vasculature or blood flow, including the anterior chamber, vitreous cavity, retina, choroid, suprachoroidal space, or optic disc. Intraocular hemorrhage may be caused by physical trauma (direct injury to the eye); ocular surgery (such as to repair cataracts); or other diseases, injuries, or disorders (such as diabetes, hypertension, or shaken baby syndrome). Severe bleeding may cause high pressure inside the eye, leading to blindness. Types Intraocular hemorrhage is classified based on the location of the bleeding: * Hyphema (in the anterior chamber) * Suprachoroidal hemorrhage (SCH) is a rare complication of intraocular surgery in which blood from the ciliary arteries enters the space between the choroid and the sclera. It is potentially vision-threatening. *In the posterior segment of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cystoid Macular Oedema
Macular edema occurs when fluid and protein deposits collect on or under the macula of the eye (a yellow central area of the retina) and causes it to thicken and swell (edema). The swelling may distort a person's central vision, because the macula holds tightly packed cones that provide sharp, clear, central vision to enable a person to see detail, form, and color that is directly in the centre of the field of view. Cause The causes of macular edema are numerous and different causes may be inter-related. *It is commonly associated with diabetes. Chronic or uncontrolled diabetes type 2 can affect peripheral blood vessels including those of the retina which may leak fluid, blood and occasionally fats into the retina causing it to swell. *Age-related macular degeneration may cause macular edema. As individuals age there may be a natural deterioration in the macula which can lead to the depositing of drusen under the retina sometimes with the formation of abnormal blood vessels. *Rep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Posterior Capsule
The lens capsule is a component of the globe of the eye. It is a clear elastic basement membrane similar in composition to other basement membranes in the body. The capsule is a very thick basement membrane and the thickness varies in different areas on the lens surface and with the age of the animal. It is composed of various types of fibers such as collagen IV, laminin, etc. and these help it stay under constant tension. The capsule is attached to the surrounding eye by numerous suspensory ligaments and in turn suspends the rest of the lens in an appropriate position. As the lens grows throughout life so must the capsule. Due to the shape of the capsule, the lens naturally tends towards a rounder or more globular configuration, a shape it must assume for the eye to focus at a near distance. Tension on the capsule is varied to allow the lens to subtly change shape to allow the eye to focus in a process called accommodation. Early in embryonic development the lens capsule is hig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Posterior Capsular Rupture
Cataract surgery, also called lens replacement surgery, is the removal of the natural lens of the eye that has developed a cataract, an opaque or cloudy area. The eye's natural lens is usually replaced with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) implant. Over time, metabolic changes of the crystalline lens fibres lead to the development of a cataract, causing impairment or loss of vision. Some infants are born with congenital cataracts, and environmental factors may lead to cataract formation. Early symptoms may include strong glare from lights and small light sources at night and reduced visual acuity at low light levels. During cataract surgery, the cloudy natural lens is removed from the posterior chamber, either by emulsification in place or by cutting it out. An IOL is usually implanted in its place (PCIOL), or less frequently in front of the chamber, to restore useful focus. Cataract surgery is generally performed by an ophthalmologist in an out-patient setting at a surgica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endophthalmitis
Endophthalmitis, or endophthalmia, is inflammation of the interior cavity of the eye, usually caused by an infection. It is a possible complication of all intraocular surgeries, particularly cataract surgery, and can result in loss of vision or loss of the eye itself. Infection can be caused by bacteria or fungi, and is classified as exogenous (infection introduced by direct inoculation as in surgery or penetrating trauma), or endogenous (organisms carried by blood vessels to the eye from another site of infection and is more common in people who have an immunocompromised state). Other non-infectious causes include toxins, allergic reactions, and retained intraocular foreign bodies. Intravitreal injections are a rare cause, with an incidence rate usually less than 0.05%. Endophthalmitis requires immediate medical attention to ensure the condition is diagnosed as soon as possible and treatment is started in order to reduce the risk of the person losing vision in the eye. Treatment ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glued Intraocular Lens
In ophthalmology, glued intraocular lens or glued IOL is a surgical technique for implantation, with the use of biological glue, of a posterior chamber IOL (intraocular lens) in Human eye, eyes with deficient or absent Capsule of lens, posterior capsules. A quick-acting surgical fibrin sealant derived from human blood plasma, with both hemostatic and adhesive properties, is used. History In 1997, Maggi and Maggi were the first to report the sutureless scleral fixation of a special IOL. The sutureless intrascleral fixation of a posterior chamber IOL was first described by Gabor Scharioth. This technique was further modified by making scleral flaps and creating scleral pockets for tucking the haptics. The flaps are then reattached to the bed with the help of glue. On 14 December 2007, the first glued intraocular lens (IOL) surgery was performed, at Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital in Chennai, India. This new surgical procedure was invented and performed by Amar Agarwal. Subsequently, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydrodissection
Hydrodissection is the use of a directed jet of water to surgically separate tissues. It is generally used to develop tissue planes or divide soft tissues with less trauma than dissection using a cutting instrument. By using an appropriate pressure it will tend to follow the path of least resistance that is close to the direction of the jet. Applications In cataract surgery it is used to release the lens from its capsule by projecting a continuous flow of water from a cannula under the flap of the anterior capsule, which lifts the capsule membrane from the lens. By directing the flow the surgeon lifts the membrane around the sides and back of the capsule until the lens is completely loose as a prelude to phacoemulsification or direct extracapslar removal. Hydrodissection is also used in general surgery to release a trapped nerve or to reduce intraoperative blood losses. See also * Cataract surgery Cataract surgery, also called lens replacement surgery, is the removal of the n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Irrigating Vectis
Irrigation (also referred to as watering of plants) is the practice of applying controlled amounts of water to land to help grow crops, landscape plants, and lawns. Irrigation has been a key aspect of agriculture for over 5,000 years and has been developed by many cultures around the world. Irrigation helps to grow crops, maintain landscapes, and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and during times of below-average rainfall. In addition to these uses, irrigation is also employed to protect crops from frost, suppress weed growth in grain fields, and prevent soil consolidation. It is also used to cool livestock, reduce dust, dispose of sewage, and support mining operations. Drainage, which involves the removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given location, is often studied in conjunction with irrigation. There are several methods of irrigation that differ in how water is supplied to plants. Surface irrigation, also known as gravity irrigation, is the oldest form of i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
