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Mannheimia Haemolytica
''Mannheimia haemolytica'' is a species of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Pasteurellaceae. It is a facultatively anaerobic, non-spore-forming, and non-motile coccobacillus. ''M. haemolytica'' is a primary bacterial pathogen implicated in the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), also commonly known as "shipping fever," particularly affecting cattle, sheep, and goats. History ''Mannheimia haemolytica'' was originally described as ''Pasteurella haemolytica'' by Newsom and Cross in 1932, based on bipolar organisms isolated from cases of pneumonia in sheep and cattle. For decades, it was classified within the genus ''Pasteurella''. However, advances in molecular taxonomy led to a reassessment of the '' asteurellahaemolytica'' complex. In 1999, Angen and colleagues conducted a comprehensive study using DNA–DNA hybridization and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which demonstrated sufficient genetic divergence to warrant creation of a new genus, ''Mannheimia''. Pathogen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gram-negative
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that, unlike gram-positive bacteria, do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. Their defining characteristic is that their cell envelope consists of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between an inner ( cytoplasmic) membrane and an outer membrane. These bacteria are found in all environments that support life on Earth. Within this category, notable species include the model organism '' Escherichia coli'', along with various pathogenic bacteria, such as '' Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', '' Chlamydia trachomatis'', and '' Yersinia pestis''. They pose significant challenges in the medical field due to their outer membrane, which acts as a protective barrier against numerous antibiotics (including penicillin), detergents that would normally damage the inner cell membrane, and the antimicrobial enzyme lysozyme produced by animals as part of their innate immune system. Furthe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tulathromycin
Tulathromycin, sold under the brand name Draxxin among others, is a macrolide antibiotic used to treat bovine respiratory disease in cattle and swine respiratory disease in pigs. Medical uses Tulathromycin is indicated for: Cattle: Treatment and metaphylaxis of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) associated with ''Mannheimia haemolytica'', ''Pasteurella multocida'', ''Histophilus somni'', and ''Mycoplasma bovis'' sensitive to tulathromycin. Treatment of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) associated with ''Moraxella bovis'' sensitive to tulathromycin. Pigs: Treatment and metaphylaxis of swine respiratory disease (SRD) associated with ''Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae'', ''Pasteurella multocida'', '' Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae'', '' Haemophilus parasuis'', and ''Bordetella bronchiseptica'' sensitive to tulathromycin. Sheep: Treatment of the early stages of infectious pododermatitis (foot rot) associated with virulent ''Dichelobacter nodosus'' requiring systemic treatment ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pasteurellales
The Pasteurellaceae comprise a large family of Gram-negative bacteria. Most members live as commensals on mucosal surfaces of birds and mammals, especially in the upper respiratory tract. Pasteurellaceae are typically rod-shaped, and are a notable group of facultative anaerobes. Their biochemical characteristics can be distinguished from the related Enterobacteriaceae by the presence of oxidase, and from most other similar bacteria by the absence of flagella. Bacteria in the family Pasteurellaceae have been classified into a number of genera based on metabolic properties, but these classifications are not generally accurate reflections of the evolutionary relationships between different species. ''Haemophilus influenzae'' was the first organism to have its genome sequenced and has been studied intensively by genetic and molecular methodologies. The genus '' Haemophilus'' is a notorious human pathogen associated with bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis and chancroid. Other pathogen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serotypes
A serotype or serovar is a distinct variation within a species of bacteria or virus or among immune cells of different individuals. These microorganisms, viruses, or cells are classified together based on their shared reactivity between their surface antigens and a particular antiserum In immunology, antiserum is a blood serum containing antibodies (either monoclonal or polyclonal) that is used to spread passive immunity to many diseases via blood donation ( plasmapheresis). For example, convalescent serum, or passive ant ..., allowing the classification of organisms to a Infraspecific name, level below the species. A group of serovars with common antigens is called a serogroup or sometimes ''serocomplex''. Serotyping often plays an essential role in determining species and subspecies. The ''Salmonella'' genus of bacteria, for example, has been determined to have over 2600 serotypes. ''Vibrio cholerae'', the species of bacteria that causes cholera, has over 200 serotypes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vaccination
Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop immunity from a disease. Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. In stimulating the body's Adaptive immune system, adaptive immunity, they help prevent sickness from an infectious disease. When a sufficiently large percentage of a population has been vaccinated, herd immunity results. Herd immunity protects those who may be immunocompromised and cannot get a vaccine because even a weakened version would harm them. The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases; widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the Eradication of infectious diseases, worldwide eradication of smallpox and the elimination of diseases such as polio and tetanus from much of the world. According to the World Health Organization ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multidrug-resistant
Multiple drug resistance (MDR), multidrug resistance or multiresistance is antimicrobial resistance shown by a species of microorganism to at least one antimicrobial drug in three or more antimicrobial categories. Antimicrobial categories are classifications of antimicrobial agents based on their mode of action and specific to target organisms. The MDR types most threatening to public health are MDR bacteria that resist multiple antibiotics; other types include MDR viruses, parasites (resistant to multiple antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic drugs of a wide chemical variety). Recognizing different degrees of MDR in bacteria, the terms ''extensively drug-resistant'' (''XDR'') and ''pandrug-resistant'' (''PDR'') have been introduced. ''Extensively drug-resistant (XDR)'' is the non-susceptibility of one bacteria species to all antimicrobial agents except in two or less antimicrobial categories. Within XDR, ''pandrug-resistant (PDR)'' is the non-susceptibility of bacteria to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fluoroquinolones
Quinolone antibiotics constitute a large group of broad-spectrum antibiotic, broad-spectrum bacteriocidals that share a bicyclic molecule, bicyclic core structure related to the substance 4-Quinolone, 4-quinolone. They are used in human and veterinary medicine to treat bacterial infections, as well as in animal husbandry, specifically poultry production. Quinolone antibiotics are classified into four generations based on their spectrum of activity and chemical modifications. The first-generation quinolones, such as nalidixic acid, primarily target Gram-negative bacteria and are mainly used for urinary tract infections. Second-generation quinolones introduced fluorine atoms into their structure, creating fluoroquinolones, which significantly expanded their antibacterial activity to include some Gram-positive bacteria. Third-generation fluoroquinolones further improved Gram-positive coverage, while fourth-generation fluoroquinolones offer broad-spectrum activity, including anaero ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetracyclines
Tetracyclines are a group of broad-spectrum antibiotic compounds that have a common basic structure and are either isolated directly from several species of ''Streptomyces'' bacteria or produced semi-synthetically from those isolated compounds. Tetracycline molecules comprise a linear fused tetracyclic nucleus (rings designated A, B, C and D) to which a variety of functional groups are attached. Tetracyclines are named after their four ("tetra-") hydrocarbon rings ("-cycl-") derivation ("-ine"). They are defined as a subclass of polyketides, having an octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide skeleton and are known as derivative (chemistry), derivatives of polycyclic naphthacene carboxamide. While all tetracyclines have a common structure, they differ from each other by the presence of chloro, methyl, and hydroxyl groups. These chemical modification, modifications do not change their broad antibacterial activity, but do affect pharmacological properties such as half-life and binding to pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gamithromycin
Gamithromycin, sold under the brand name Zactran, is a veterinary medication used for the treatment of cattle, pigs, and sheep. It is a azalide antibacterial related to azithromycin. It was approved for veterinary use in the European Union in 2008. Veterinary uses In the EU, gamithromycin is indicated for the treatment and prevention of bovine respiratory disease in cattle, swine respiratory disease in pigs, and infectious pododermatitis Bumblefoot (ulcerative pododermatitis) is a common bacterial infection and inflammatory reaction that occurs on the feet of birds, rodents, and rabbits. It is caused by bacteria, namely species of ''Staphylococcus'', ''Pseudomonas'', and ''Esch ... (foot rot) in sheep. In the US, gamithromycin is indicated for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease in cattle. References External links * Veterinary medicine Tetrahydropyrans Methoxy compounds Dimethylamino compounds Heterocyclic compounds with 1 ring Nitrogen he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macrolides
Macrolides are a class of mostly natural products with a large macrocycle, macrocyclic lactone ring to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides belong to the polyketide class of natural products. Some macrolides have antibiotic or antifungal activity and are used as pharmaceutical drugs. Rapamycin is also a macrolide and was originally developed as an antifungal, but has since been used as an immunosuppressant drug and is being investigated as a potential Life extension, longevity therapeutic. Macrolides are a diverse group with many members of very different properties: * Macrolides with 14-, 15-, or 16-membered rings and two attached sugar molecules are antibiotics that bind to bacterial ribosomes, the key representative being erythromycin. The term "macrolide antibiotics" tend to refer to just this class. * Some macrolides with very large (20+ membered) rings are immunosuppresants, the prototypical one being rapamycin. * S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pasteurellaceae
The Pasteurellaceae comprise a large family of Gram-negative bacteria. Most members live as commensals on mucosal surfaces of birds and mammals, especially in the upper respiratory tract. Pasteurellaceae are typically rod-shaped, and are a notable group of facultative anaerobes. Their biochemical characteristics can be distinguished from the related Enterobacteriaceae by the presence of oxidase, and from most other similar bacteria by the absence of flagella. Bacteria in the family Pasteurellaceae have been classified into a number of genera based on metabolic properties, but these classifications are not generally accurate reflections of the evolutionary relationships between different species. ''Haemophilus influenzae'' was the first organism to have its genome sequenced and has been studied intensively by genetic and molecular methodologies. The genus '' Haemophilus'' is a notorious human pathogen associated with bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis and chancroid. Other pathogen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
