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Manden Charter
Kouroukan Fouga, or Kurukan Fuga, was the constitution of the Mali Empire created after the Battle of Krina (1235) by an assembly of nobles to create a government for the newly established empire, according to the ''Epic of Sundiata''. According to oral tradition of the ''jelis'' of Mali and Guinea, the Kouroukan Fouga established the federation of Mandinka clans under one government, outlined how it would operate and established the laws by which the people would live. The name ''Kurukan Fuga'' is a toponym, translating to "clearing on granite/lateritic rock", referring to the plain near where the narrative has Sundiata Keita present the charter. This is often claimed to have been near the town of Ka-ba (present day Kangaba), following the interpretation of Djibril Tamsir Niane, but other scholars have argued that oral histories more commonly place the event at nearby Dakajalan. The "Manden Charter, proclaimed in Kurukan Fuga", was inscribed in 2009 (4.COM) on the Repres ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Niagassola
Niagassola is a town and sub-prefecture in the Siguiri Prefecture in the Kankan Region of north-eastern Guinea. It is located near the border with Mali. It has no electricity and three water pumps. History Niagassola and its surroundings were, according to some oral traditions, the site of Dakadjalan, the capital of Naré Maghann Konaté and boyhood home of Sundiata Keita, founder of the Mali Empire. Niagassola was preceded by a city called Waranban, which was mentioned by Mungo Park after his visit to the area in the late 18th century. It was located on a key slave-trading route linking Kangaba to the Atlantic coast, where they would be sold to European or American slavers. Founded around 1810, Niagassola was one of the principal cities of the Manding region after the decline of the Mali Empire, sometimes allied with and other times fighting against Kangaba. This rivalry continued in the early colonial period, with Niagassola given preferential treatment by the Fren ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smelting
Smelting is a process of applying heat and a chemical reducing agent to an ore to extract a desired base metal product. It is a form of extractive metallurgy that is used to obtain many metals such as iron-making, iron, copper extraction, copper, silver mining#Ore processing, silver, tin, lead smelting, lead and zinc smelting, zinc. Smelting uses heat and a chemical reducing agent to decompose the ore, driving off other elements as gases or slag and leaving the metal behind. The reducing agent is commonly a fossil-fuel source of carbon, such as carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion of coke (fuel), coke—or, in earlier times, of charcoal. The oxygen in the ore binds to carbon at high temperatures, as the Chemical energy, chemical potential energy of the bonds in carbon dioxide () is lower than that of the bonds in the ore. Sulfide ores such as those commonly used to obtain copper, zinc or lead, are roasting (metallurgy), roasted before smelting in order to convert the sulfid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caste
A caste is a Essentialism, fixed social group into which an individual is born within a particular system of social stratification: a caste system. Within such a system, individuals are expected to marry exclusively within the same caste (endogamy), follow lifestyles often linked to a particular occupation, hold a ritual status observed within a hierarchy, and interact with others based on cultural notions of social exclusion, exclusion, with certain castes considered as either more pure or more polluted than others. The term "caste" is also applied to morphological groupings in eusocial insects such as ants, bees, and termites#caste, termites. The paradigmatic ethnographic example of caste is the division of India's Hinduism, Hindu society into rigid social groups. Its roots lie in South Asia's ancient history and it still exists; however, the economic significance of the caste system in India seems to be declining as a result of urbanisation and affirmative action programs. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nyamakala
The ''Nyamakala'', or ''Nyamakalaw'', are the historic occupational castes among Islamic societies of West Africa, particularly among the Mandinka people. The ''Nyamakala'' are known as ''Nyaxamalo'' among the Soninke people, and ''Nyenyo'' among the Wolof people. They are found throughout the Sahel region, from Mali and Senegal to Chad and several other parts of the West African region historically known as the "Western Sudan". The term ''Nyamakala'' originally implied any talented people, but as slavery, social differentiation and stratification increased with Islamic religious violence called jihads, and later the colonial rule, their status fell to a lowly level below the nobles and free people. ''Nyama'' in the traditional Mandinka society implies "vital force", while ''Kala'' connotes "handle". Thus, any type of occupation that handled vital force of nature, were a Nyamakala. In its historic contexts, state Charles Bird, Martha Kendall and Kalilou Tera, ''Nyama'' has implied d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sharia
Sharia, Sharī'ah, Shari'a, or Shariah () is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on Islamic holy books, scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran, Qur'an and hadith. In Islamic terminology ''sharīʿah'' refers to immutable, intangible divine law; contrary to ''fiqh'', which refers to its interpretations by Ulama, Islamic scholars. Sharia, or fiqh as traditionally known, has always been used alongside urf, customary law from the very beginning in Islamic history; has been elaborated and developed over the centuries by fatwa, legal opinions issued by mufti, qualified jurists – reflecting the tendencies of Schools of Fiqh, different schools – and integrated and with various economic, penal and administrative laws issued by Muslims, Muslim rulers; and implemented for centuries by Qadi, judges in the courts until recent times, when secularism was widely adopted in Islamic societies. Traditional Principles of Islamic jurisprudence, theory o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gbara
The Gbara (; now spelled and pronounced as ''Bara'' or ''Gara'' in those Manding languages lacking ) or Great Assembly was the deliberative body of the Mali Empire, which ruled much of West Africa during the Middle Ages. It was first formed in 1235 on the orders of Sundiata in the Mandinka constitution known as the Kouroukan Fouga. Function The Gbara was made up of 32 members from around 29 mostly Mandinka clans. p.2 Members of these clans had aided Sundiata in his overthrow of Soumaoro Kante and were given a voice in the government of a new Manden federation, the Manden Kurufa. The descendants of these clans occupied posts in the Gbara, and checked the power of the federal emperor, the Mansa. It was presided over by a belen-tigui (or master of ceremonies) w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Property Rights
The right to property, or the right to own property (cf. ownership), is often classified as a human right for natural persons regarding their Possession (law), possessions. A general recognition of a right to private property is found more rarely and is typically heavily constrained insofar as property is owned by legal persons (i.e. corporations) and where it is used for Production (economics), production rather than Consumption (economics), consumption. Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution is credited as a significant precedent for the legal protection of individual property rights. A right to property is specified in Article 17 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, but it is not recognised in the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights or in the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The 1950 European Convention on Human Rights acknowledges a right ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tambakounda
Tambacounda (; Wolof: Tambaakundaa ) is the largest city in eastern Senegal, southeast of Dakar, and is the regional capital of the province of the same name. Its population in 2023 was 149,071. Geography Tambacounda is situated on the sparsely populated sahélien plains of eastern Senegal. Nearby towns include Madina Maboule, Koukari, Yoro Sankoule, Sambadian, Djidje Kounda, Afia Seno, Saare Boylii and Kanderi Niana. Climate Tambacounda has a hot semi-arid climate (''BSh''). Like most of West Africa, the area has two seasons, the rainy season from June to October, characterized by heat, humidity and storms, and the sweltering, rainless dry season from November to May. The average precipitation is . History Tambacounda was founded by Mandinka settlers of the Jatta (Diatta) family who had been driven out of the valley of the Faleme river by an expanding Bundu in the 18th century. When they arrived at the future side of Tambacounda they found a single hut, inhabited by a s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dabola
Dabola ( N’ko: ߘߊߓߏߟߊ߫) is a town in central Guinea. As of 2014 it had a population of 38,617 people. It grew around the railway line from Conakry to Kankan and is known for the Tinkisso Falls and for its important dam. Transport While the main line is metre gauge, the branch to Tougué is standard gauge. Mining Development of iron ore deposits was proposed in 1994. This would require upgrading of the understrength line from the port of Conakry Conakry ( , ; ; ; ) is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Guinea. A port city, it serves as the economic, financial and cultural centre of Guinea. Its population as of the 2014 Guinea census was 1,660,973. The current population of C ... or a new heavy duty line to a new port at Matakan. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kérouané
Kérouané is a town located in southeastern Guinea Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea, is a coastal country in West Africa. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Guinea-Bissau to the northwest, Senegal to the north, Mali to the northeast, Côte d'Ivoire to the southeast, and Sier .... It is the capital of Kérouané Prefecture. As of 2014 it had a population of 36,355 people. Mining investment in the region is ongoing, funded through the Tigui Mining Group, owned by Tigui Camara, which specialises in gold and diamond extraction, and has licenses to work on diamond extraction. References Sub-prefectures of the Kankan Region {{Guinea-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dinguiraye
Dinguiraye ( N’ko: ߘߌ߲ߞߌߙߊߦߌ߫ ) is a small town in northern Guinea, known for its large mosque which until recently was thatched. As of 2014 it had a population of 47,250 people. History The town and its mosque hold special historical importance; El Hadj Umar Tall founded the Toucouleur Empire The Tukulor Empire (; ; ; also known as the Tijaniyya Jihad state or the Segu Tukulor or the Tidjaniya Caliphate or the Umarian State) (1861–1890) was an Islamic state in the mid-nineteenth century founded by Elhadj Oumar Foutiyou Tall of the ... in the city and initially made it his capital. Al-Hadj Umar also built the city's large mosque at this time and the city served as a staging ground for his 1850 jihad.Histoire d'Afrique: les enjeux de mémoire, Jean-Pierre Chrétien, Jean-Louis Triaud KARTHALA Editions, 1. jan. 1999, pg.73 Notable people * Saïdou Bokoum (1945-) - writer References Sub-prefectures of the Faranah Region Toucouleur Empire {{Africa-h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
