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Malvidin
Malvidin is an O-methylated anthocyanidin, the 3',5'-methoxy derivative of delphinidin. As a primary plant pigment, its glycosides are highly abundant in nature. Natural occurrences Malvidin is responsible for the blue color found in petals of the '' Primula'' plants of the ''polyanthus'' group. Blue flowers of the blue pimpernel ('' Anagallis monelli'') have also a higher concentration of malvidin. It is responsible primarily for the color of red wine, ''Vitis vinifera'' being one of its sources. It is also present in other berries, such as blueberries ('' Vaccinium corymbosum'') or the saskatoon berries ('' Amelanchier alnifolia''). Chemistry Slightly acidic and neutral solutions of malvidin are characteristically of a red color, while basic solutions of malvidin yield a blue color. The breakdown of malvidin releases syringic acid. Use as a marker in archaeology The breakdown of malvidin releases syringic acid as revealed in the examination of jars containing she ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malvidin 3-rutinoside
Malvidin is an O-methylated anthocyanidin, the 3',5'-methoxy derivative of delphinidin. As a primary plant pigment, its glycosides are highly abundant in nature. Natural occurrences Malvidin is responsible for the blue color found in petals of the ''Primula'' plants of the ''polyanthus'' group. Blue flowers of the blue pimpernel (''Anagallis monelli'') have also a higher concentration of malvidin. It is responsible primarily for the color of red wine, ''Vitis vinifera'' being one of its sources. It is also present in other berries, such as blueberries (''Vaccinium corymbosum'') or the saskatoon berries (''Amelanchier alnifolia''). Chemistry Slightly acidic and pH, neutral solutions of malvidin are characteristically of a red color, while Base (chemistry), basic solutions of malvidin yield a blue color. The breakdown of malvidin releases syringic acid. Use as a marker in archaeology The breakdown of malvidin releases syringic acid as revealed in the examination of jars co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oenin
Oenin is an anthocyanin. It is the 3-''O''-glucoside of malvidin (malvidin-3-O-glucoside). It is one of the red pigments found in purple grape skins and red wine. Color stabilization of oenin at a higher pH can be explained by self-aggregation of the flavylium cation and copigmentation with the Z-chalcone form. In the presence of procyanidin C2, the red color of oenin appears more stable. However, the HPLC chromatogram shows a decrease in the amplitude of the peaks of oenin and procyanidin C2. Concomitantly, a new peak appears with a maximal absorption in the red region. This newly formed pigment probably comes from the condensation of oenin and procyanidin C2. Oenin alone is not oxidized in the presence of grape polyphenol oxidase, whereas it is degraded in the presence of a crude grape PPO extract and of caftaric acid forming anthocyanidin-caftaric acid adducts. See also * Phenolic compounds in wine * Wine color The color of wine is one of the most easily recognizable char ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malvin
Malvin is a naturally occurring chemical of the anthocyanin family. Malvin reacts in the presence of H2O2 to form malvone. The ortho-benzoyloxyphenylacetic acid esters reaction product is dependant of the pH: it is obtained under acidic conditions whereas under neutral conditions, the reaction product is the 3-O-acyl-glucosyl-5-O-glucosyl-7-hydroxy coumarin. Natural occurrences It is a diglucoside of malvidin mainly found as a pigment in herbs like Malva (''Malva sylvestris''), ''Primula'' and ''Rhododendron''. ''M. sylvestris'' also contains malonylmalvin (malvidin 3-(6-malonylglucoside)-5-glucoside).Malonated anthocyanins in malvaceae: Malonylmalvin from Malva sylvestris. Kosaku Takeda, Shigeki Enoki, Jeffrey B. Harborne and John Eagles, Phytochemistry, 1989, Volume 28, Issue 2, Pages 499–500, The characteristic floral jade coloration of ''Strongylodon macrobotrys'' has been shown to be an example of copigmentation, a result of the presence of malvin and saponarin (a f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Areni-1 Winery
The Areni-1 winery is the world’s oldest known winery, discovered in 2007 in the Areni-1 cave complex near the village of Areni in Vayots Dzor Province, Armenia. Excavated by a team of Armenian and international archaeologists, the winery dates to approximately 4100–4000 BC during the Chalcolithic, Late Chalcolithic period, making it at least 1,000 years older than the winery unearthed in the West Bank in 1963, previously the oldest known.Maugh II, Thomas H.Ancient winery found in Armenia" ''Los Angeles Times''. January 11, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2011.Santini, Jean-Louis.Scientists find 'oldest ever' winery in Armenia" ''Agence France Press''. January 11, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2011. The winery’s discovery provides critical insights into early viticulture, horticulture, and social complexity in the Near East. The excavations were led by Boris Gasparyan of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, and co-directed by Ron P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anagallis Monelli
''Lysimachia monelli'', the blue pimpernel or garden pimpernel (formerly known as ''Anagallis monelli'') is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to the Mediterranean region (in the Iberian Peninsula, Northwest Africa, Corsica, Sicily and the Balearic Islands). It is not to be confused with '' Lysimachia foemina'', which has very similar blue flowers, but broader leaves and can be found also in colder climates. In a comparison of DNA sequences, ''L. monelli'' was shown to be most closely related to ''L. foemina''. The latter had been thought by many to be closest to '' L. arvensis'', and some authors had even included ''L. foemina'' as a subspecies of ''L. arvensis''. The three species were among several transferred from ''Anagallis'' to ''Lysimachia'' in a 2009 paper. ''Lysimachia monelli'' is a low-growing perennial with trailing stems. Wild specimens have blue or orange coloured flowers and are not sympatric with the blue-flowered plants growing native ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
O-methylated Anthocyanidin
The O-methylated flavonoids or methoxyflavonoids are flavonoids with methylations on hydroxyl groups (methoxy bonds). O-methylation has an effect on the solubility of flavonoids. Enzymes O-methylated flavonoids formation implies the presence of specific O-methyltransferase (OMT) enzymes which accept a variety of substrates. Those enzymes mediate the O-methylation on a specific hydroxyl group, like on 4' (example in '' Catharanthus roseus'') or 3' (example in rice) positions. Those positions can be ortho, meta, para and there can be a special 3-O-methyltransferase for the 3-OH position. Calamondin orange ('' Citrus mitis'') exhibits all of those activities. Plant enzymes * Apigenin 4'-O-methyltransferase * 8-hydroxyquercetin 8-O-methyltransferase * Isoflavone 4'-O-methyltransferase * Isoflavone 7-O-methyltransferase * Isoliquiritigenin 2'-O-methyltransferase * Isoorientin 3'-O-methyltransferase * Kaempferol 4'-O-methyltransferase * Luteolin O-methyltransferase * Methylquer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shedeh
Shedeh was a drink of ancient Egypt. Although it was long thought to have been made from pomegranates, recent evidence suggests it came from red grapes. History The name Shedeh appeared inscribed on the labels of two-handled Egyptian pottery amphorae at the site of el-Amarna and belonging to the reign of Akhenaten, late XVIII Dynasty. Its name showed it was a beverage different from traditional (grape)wine, whose Egyptian name was ''irep''. An example of the importance of Shedeh in ancient Egyptian times was the fact that it was cited in Egyptian romantic poetry, where Shedeh was associated with a lover’s voice. During the Ramesside (1292–1075 BC) and Ptolemaic (305–30 BC) periods, the Shedeh drink was recorded on temple inscriptions and used as a religious offering as well as for embalming. Discovery In 2006, a team of Spanish scientists led by Maria Rosa Guasch-Jané developed a new method of identifying an acid left by compounds in red wine. The evidence was compiled us ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syringic Acid
Syringic acid is a naturally occurring phenolic compound and dimethoxybenzene that is commonly found as a plant metabolite. Natural occurrence Syringic acid can be found in several plants including '' Ardisia elliptica'' and ''Schumannianthus dichotomus''. It is biosynthesized by the shikimic acid pathway in plants. Synthesis Syringic acid can be prepared by selectively hydrolyzing ( demethylating) eudesmic acid with 20% sulfuric acid. Presence in food Syringic acid can be found in several fruits including olives, dates, spices, pumpkin, grapes, acai palm, honey, red wine, among others. Its presence in the ancient Egyptian drink shedeh could confirm it was made out of grape, as syringic acid is released by the breakdown of the compound malvidin, also found in red wine. It is also found in vinegar. Applications Various studies have found syringic acid to have potentially useful properties such as anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amelanchier Alnifolia
''Amelanchier alnifolia'', the saskatoon berry, Pacific serviceberry, western serviceberry, western shadbush, or western juneberry, is a shrub native to North America. It is a member of the rose family, and bears an edible berry-like fruit. Description It is a deciduous shrub or small tree that most often grows to , rarely to , in height. Its growth form spans from suckering and forming colonies to clumped. The leaves are oval to nearly circular, long and broad, on a leaf stem, with margins toothed mostly above the middle. As with all species in the genus ''Amelanchier'', the flowers are white, with five quite separate petals and five sepals. In ''A. alnifolia'', they are about across, with 20 stamens and five styles, appearing on short racemes of 3–20, somewhat crowded together, blooming from April to July. The fruit is a small purple pome in diameter, ripening in early summer. It has a waxy bloom. Saskatoon species can be relatively difficult to distinguish. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Primulin (flavonoid)
Primulin is an anthocyanin. It is the 3-galactoside of malvidin. It can be found in ''Primula sinensis ''Primula sinensis'', () or the Chinese primrose, is a plant species in the genus ''Primula ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (''P ...''. The first crystalline form of this pigment was prepared by Rose Scott-Moncrieff in about 1930. This was the first crystalline anthocyanin pigment ever identified. This was possible because of her insight into linking genetics with chemistry. Cathie Martin, April 2016, Biochemical classics, Biochemist.org, Retrieved 5 July 2016 References [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Curcuma Alismatifolia
''Curcuma alismatifolia'', Siam tulip or summer tulip (, ; , ; , ) is a tropical plant native to Laos, northern Thailand, and Cambodia. Despite its name, it is not related to the tulip, but is a close relative of turmeric. It can grow as an indoor plant. It is a perennial herb growing up to tall. Malvidin Malvidin is an O-methylated anthocyanidin, the 3',5'-methoxy derivative of delphinidin. As a primary plant pigment, its glycosides are highly abundant in nature. Natural occurrences Malvidin is responsible for the blue color found in petals ... 3-rutinoside is a pigment responsible for bract color in ''C. alismatifolia''. References alismatifolia Flora of Cambodia Flora of Laos Flora of Thailand Plants described in 1903 Taxa named by François Gagnepain {{Zingiberales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acylated Malvidin 3-rutinoside
In chemistry, acylation is a broad class of chemical reactions in which an acyl group () is added to a substrate. The compound providing the acyl group is called the acylating agent. The substrate to be acylated and the product include the following: *alcohols, esters *amines, amides * arenes or alkenes, ketones A particularly common type of acylation is acetylation, the addition of the acetyl group. Closely related to acylation is formylation, which employ sources of "HCO+ in place of "RCO+". Examples Because they form a strong electrophile when treated with Lewis acids, acyl halides are commonly used as acylating agents. For example, Friedel–Crafts acylation uses acetyl chloride () as the agent and aluminum chloride () as a catalyst to add an acetyl group to benzene: This reaction is an example of electrophilic aromatic substitution. Acyl halides and acid anhydrides of carboxylic acids are also common acylating agents. In some cases, active esters exhibit comparable re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
