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Malagasy Warblers
The tetrakas, also known as the Malagasy warblers, are a recently validated family of songbirds. They were formally named Bernieridae in 2010. The family currently consists of eleven species (in eight genus, genera) of small forest birds. These birds are all endemism, endemic to Madagascar. In 1934, the monophyly of this group was proposed by Finn Salomonsen but the traditional assignments of these birds were maintained, mistaken by their convergent evolution and the lack of dedicated research. The families to which the Malagasy warblers were formerly assigned—Pycnonotidae (bulbuls) and even more so Timaliidae (Old World babblers) and the Old World warbler—were used as "wastebin taxon, wastebin taxa", uniting unrelated lineages that were somewhat similar ecologically and morphology (biology), morphologically. It was not until the analysis of mtDNA cytochrome b, cytochrome ''b'' and MT-RNR2, 16S rRNA as well as nDNA RAG-1 and RAG-2 exon DNA sequence, sequence data, that the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Long-billed Bernieria
The long-billed bernieria (''Bernieria madagascariensis''), formerly known as long-billed greenbul and sometimes as common tetraka or long-billed tetraka, is a songbird species endemism, endemic to Madagascar. It is the only species placed in the genus ''Bernieria''. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. Taxonomy In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description and an illustration of the long-billed bernieria in the third volume of his ''Ornithologie'' based on a specimen collected on the island of Madagascar. He used the French name ''Le grand figuier de Madagascar'' and the Latin name ''Ficedula Madagascariensis Major''. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the Binomial nomenclature, binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1789 the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin revised and expanded Carl Linnaeus's ''Systema Naturae'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MtDNA
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA and mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial DNA is a small portion of the DNA contained in a eukaryotic cell; most of the DNA is in the cell nucleus, and, in plants and algae, the DNA also is found in plastids, such as chloroplasts. Mitochondrial DNA is responsible for coding of 13 essential subunits of the complex oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system which has a role in cellular energy conversion. Human mitochondrial DNA was the first significant part of the human genome to be sequenced. This sequencing revealed that human mtDNA has 16,569 base pairs and encodes 13 proteins. As in other vertebrates, the human mitochondrial genetic code differs slightly from nuclear DNA. Since animal mtDNA evolves faster than nuclear genetic markers, it represents a mainstay of phylogenetics and evolutionary biology. It also permits tra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Long-billed Bernieria
The long-billed bernieria (''Bernieria madagascariensis''), formerly known as long-billed greenbul and sometimes as common tetraka or long-billed tetraka, is a songbird species endemism, endemic to Madagascar. It is the only species placed in the genus ''Bernieria''. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. Taxonomy In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description and an illustration of the long-billed bernieria in the third volume of his ''Ornithologie'' based on a specimen collected on the island of Madagascar. He used the French name ''Le grand figuier de Madagascar'' and the Latin name ''Ficedula Madagascariensis Major''. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the Binomial nomenclature, binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1789 the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin revised and expanded Carl Linnaeus's ''Systema Naturae'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bernieria
The long-billed bernieria (''Bernieria madagascariensis''), formerly known as long-billed greenbul and sometimes as common tetraka or long-billed tetraka, is a songbird species endemic to Madagascar. It is the only species placed in the genus ''Bernieria''. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. Taxonomy In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description and an illustration of the long-billed bernieria in the third volume of his ''Ornithologie'' based on a specimen collected on the island of Madagascar. He used the French name ''Le grand figuier de Madagascar'' and the Latin name ''Ficedula Madagascariensis Major''. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1789 the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin revised and expanded Carl Linnaeus's ''Systema Naturae'' he included the long-billed berni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
White-throated Oxylabes
The white-throated oxylabes (''Oxylabes madagascariensis'') is a species of passerine bird that is endemic to Madagascar. It is the only species placed in the genus ''Oxylabes''. Formerly considered as a member of the Old World warbler family Sylviidae, it has been moved to the family Bernieridae — the Malagasy warblers. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. Taxonomy In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description and an illustration of the white-throated oxylabes in the third volume of his ''Ornithologie'' based on a specimen collected on the island of Madagascar. He used the French name ''Le rossignol de Madagascar'' and the Latin name ''Luscinia madagascariensis''. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1789 the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin revised and expanded Carl Linnae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxylabes Madagascariensis
The white-throated oxylabes (''Oxylabes madagascariensis'') is a species of passerine bird that is endemic to Madagascar. It is the only species placed in the genus ''Oxylabes''. Formerly considered as a member of the Old World warbler family Sylviidae, it has been moved to the family Bernieridae — the Malagasy warblers. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. Taxonomy In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description and an illustration of the white-throated oxylabes in the third volume of his ''Ornithologie'' based on a specimen collected on the island of Madagascar. He used the French name ''Le rossignol de Madagascar'' and the Latin name ''Luscinia madagascariensis''. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1789 the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin revised and expanded Carl Linnae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DNA Sequence
A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases within the nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule. This succession is denoted by a series of a set of five different letters that indicate the order of the nucleotides. By convention, sequences are usually presented from the 5' end to the 3' end. For DNA, with its double helix, there are two possible directions for the notated sequence; of these two, the sense strand is used. Because nucleic acids are normally linear (unbranched) polymers, specifying the sequence is equivalent to defining the covalent structure of the entire molecule. For this reason, the nucleic acid sequence is also termed the primary structure. The sequence represents genetic information. Biological deoxyribonucleic acid represents the information which directs the functions of an organism. Nucleic acids also have a secondary structure and tertiary structure. Primary structure is sometimes mistakenly referred to as "prim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exon
An exon is any part of a gene that will form a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing. The term ''exon'' refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene and to the corresponding sequence in RNA transcripts. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are covalently joined to one another as part of generating the mature RNA. Just as the entire set of genes for a species constitutes the genome, the entire set of exons constitutes the exome. History The term ''exon'' is a shortening of the phrase ''expressed region'' and was coined by American biochemist Walter Gilbert in 1978: "The notion of the cistron... must be replaced by that of a transcription unit containing regions which will be lost from the mature messengerwhich I suggest we call introns (for intragenic regions)alternating with regions which will be expressedexons." This definition was originally made for protein-coding transcripts that are spliced before b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RAG-2
The recombination-activating genes (RAGs) encode parts of a protein complex that plays important roles in the rearrangement and recombination of the genes encoding immunoglobulin and T cell receptor molecules. There are two recombination-activating genes RAG1 and RAG2, whose cellular expression is restricted to lymphocytes during their developmental stages. The enzymes encoded by these genes, RAG-1 and RAG-2, are essential to the generation of mature B cells and T cells, two types of lymphocyte that are crucial components of the adaptive immune system. Function In the vertebrate immune system, each antibody is customized to attack one particular antigen (foreign proteins and carbohydrates) without attacking the body itself. The human genome has at most 30,000 genes, and yet it generates millions of different antibodies, which allows it to be able to respond to invasion from millions of different antigens. The immune system generates this diversity of antibodies by shuffling, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
