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Making Fire
Fire making, fire lighting or fire craft is the process of artificially starting a fire. It requires completing the fire triangle, usually by heating tinder above its autoignition temperature. Fire is an essential tool for human survival and the control of fire by early humans, use of fire was important in prehistory, early human cultural history since the Lower Paleolithic. Today, it is a key component of Scouting, woodcraft and bushcraft. Archaeology Evidence for fire making dates to at least the early Middle Paleolithic, with dozens of Neanderthal hand axes from France exhibiting Use-wear analysis, use-wear traces suggesting these tools were struck with the mineral pyrite to produce sparks around 50,000 years ago. At the Neolithic site of La Draga, researchers have found that fungi were used as tinder. Hearths are one of the most common features found at archaeological sites. Ötzi, a well-preserved natural mummy of a man who lived in the Ötztal Alps between 34th century ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Use-wear Analysis
Use-wear analysis is a method in archaeology Archaeology or archeology is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of Artifact (archaeology), artifacts, architecture, biofact (archaeology), biofacts or ecofacts, ... to identify the functions of artifact tools by closely examining their working surfaces and edges. It is mainly used on stone tools, and is sometimes referred to as "traceological analysis" (from the neologism ''traceology''). In studying the wear on a lithics, different techniques are often used. A distinction is often made between use-wear and microwear analysis. Use-wear uses an approach of low magnification study while micro-wear employs high magnification; this raises contentions as to which approach is more useful. Therefore, use-wear studies regularly employ magnification up to 50x, while magnification beyond 50x is relegated to microwear analysis. In addition to the two groups o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ember
An ember, also called a hot coal, is a hot lump of smouldering solid fuel, typically glowing, composed of greatly heated wood, coal, or other carbon-based material. Embers (hot coals) can exist within, remain after, or sometimes precede, a fire. Embers are, in some cases, as hot as the fire which created them. They radiate a substantial amount of heat long after the fire has been extinguished, and if not taken care of properly can rekindle a fire that is thought to be completely extinguished and can pose a fire hazard. In order to avoid the danger of accidentally spreading a fire, many campers pour water on the embers or cover them in dirt. Alternatively, embers can be used to relight a fire after it has gone out without the need to rebuild the fire – in a conventional fireplace, a fire can easily be relit up to 12 hours after it goes out, provided that there is enough space for air to circulate between the embers and the introduced fuel. They are often used for cookin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flint
Flint, occasionally flintstone, is a sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz, categorized as the variety of chert that occurs in chalk or marly limestone. Historically, flint was widely used to make stone tools and start fires. Flint occurs chiefly as nodules and masses in sedimentary rocks, such as chalks and limestones.''The Flints from Portsdown Hill'' Inside the nodule, flint is usually dark grey or black, green, white, or brown in colour, and has a glassy or waxy appearance. A thin, oxidised layer on the outside of the nodules is usually different in colour, typically white and rough in texture. The nodules can often be found along s and [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tinder Fungus
''Fomes fomentarius'' (commonly known as the tinder fungus, false tinder fungus, hoof fungus, tinder conk, tinder polypore or ice man fungus) is a species of fungal plant pathogen found in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America. The species produces very large polypore fruit bodies which are shaped like a horse's hoof and vary in colour from a silvery grey to almost black, though they are normally brown. It grows on the side of various species of tree, which it infects through broken bark, causing rot. The species typically continues to live on trees long after they have died, changing from a parasite to a decomposer. Though inedible, ''F. fomentarius'' has traditionally seen use as the main ingredient of amadou, a material used primarily as tinder, but also used to make clothing and other items. The 5,000-year-old Ötzi the Iceman carried four pieces of ''F. fomentarius'', concluded to be for use as tinder. It also has medicinal and other uses. Taxonomy The firs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
31st Century BC
The 31st century BC was a century that lasted from the year 3100 BC to 3001 BC. Events *c. 3100 BC: Polo () was first played in Manipur state. *c. 3100 BC?: The Anu Ziggurat and White Temple are built in Uruk. *c. 3100 BC?: Predynastic period (Neolithic) ends in Ancient Egypt. *c. 3100 BC?: Early Dynastic (Archaic) period starts in Ancient Egypt. *c. 3100 BC?: The first temple of Tarxien is in use by the Neolithic inhabitants of Malta. *c. 3100 BC?: First stage in the construction of Stonehenge. *c. 3100 BC: Oldest adobe building in the Americas was built in Peru. *c. 3100 BC – 2600 BC: Skara Brae, Orkney Islands, Scotland is inhabited. *c. 3090 BC: Narmer (Menes) unifies Upper and Lower Egypt into one country; he rules this new country from Memphis. *c. 3051 BC: The oldest currently living organism, a Great Basin bristlecone pine, undergoes germination in the White Mountains of California. Inventions, discoveries, introductions * Drainage and sewage system in the Indu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
34th Century BC
The 34th century BC was a century that lasted from the year 3400 BC to 3301 BC. Cultures *Stage IIIa2 of the Naqada culture in Egypt (dated in 1998). *In the early part of Naqada III in Upper Egypt, the ruler, Horus-A, is coronated as the ruler or king of Thinis (c. 3315 BC) *Archaic forms of cuneiform emerge in the late Uruk period in Mesopotamia Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent. Today, Mesopotamia is known as present-day Iraq and forms the eastern geographic boundary of .... *Burial of a child at Ashleypark Burial Mound, Ireland (c. 3350 BC) References -6 -66 {{BC-year-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ötztal Alps
The Ötztal Alps (, ) are a mountain range in the Central Eastern Alps, in the Tyrol (state), State of Tyrol in western Austria and the South Tyrol, Province of South Tyrol in northern Italy. Geography The Ötztal Alps are arrayed at the head of the Ötztal valley, a side valley of the Inn (river), Inn river southwest of Innsbruck, Austria. One line of summits forms part of the border between Austria and Italy. The Ötztal Alps are bordered by the Reschen Pass (1504 m) in the west and the Inn river in the northwest and north. In the east the range is separated from the Stubai Alps by the Ötztaler Ache in the Ötztal, the Timmelsjoch (2474 m) and the Passer (river), Passer river in the Passeier Valley. On the south and southwest, the range is limited by the deep valley of the Etsch river, here known as the Vinschgau. The Ötztal Alps are surrounded by the following ranges: * Lechtal Alps * Mieming Range * Stubai Alps * Sarntal Alps * Ortler Alps * Sesvenna Alps * Samnaun Alps In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Natural Mummy
A mummy is a dead human or an animal whose soft tissues and Organ (biology), organs have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to Chemical substance, chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or lack of air, so that the recovered body does not Corpse decomposition, decay further if kept in cool and dry conditions. Some authorities restrict the use of the term to bodies deliberately embalming, embalmed with chemicals, but the use of the word to cover accidentally desiccation, desiccated bodies goes back to at least the early 17th century. Mummies of humans and animals have been found on every continent, both as a result of natural preservation through unusual conditions, and as cultural artifacts. Over one million Animal mummy, animal mummies have been found in Egypt, many of which are cats. Many of the Egyptian animal mummies are African sacred ibis, sacred ibis, and radiocarbon dating suggests the Egyptian ibis mummies that have been analyzed were from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ötzi
Ötzi, also called The Iceman, is the natural mummy of a man who lived between 3350 and 3105 BC. Ötzi's remains were discovered on 19 September 1991, in the Ötztal Alps (hence the nickname "Ötzi", ) at the Austria–Italy border. He is Europe's oldest known natural human mummy, offering an unprecedented view of Chalcolithic (Copper Age) Europeans. Because of the presence of an arrowhead embedded in his left shoulder and various other wounds, researchers believe that Ötzi was killed by another person. The nature of his life and the circumstances of his death are the subject of much investigation and speculation. His remains and personal belongings are on exhibit at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, South Tyrol, Italy. Discovery Ötzi was found on 19 September 1991 by two German tourists, at an elevation of on the east ridge of the Fineilspitze in the Ötztal Alps on the Austrian–Italian border, near Similaun mountain and the Tisenjoch pass. When t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hearth
A hearth () is the place in a home where a fire is or was traditionally kept for home heating and for cooking, usually constituted by a horizontal hearthstone and often enclosed to varying degrees by any combination of reredos (a low, partial wall behind a hearth), fireplace, oven, smoke hood, or chimney. Hearths are usually composed of masonry such as brick or rock (geology), stone. For millennia, the hearth was such an integral part of a home, usually its central and most important feature, that the concept has been metonym, generalized to refer to a homeplace or household, as in the terms "hearth and home" and "keep the home fires burning". In the modern era, since the advent of central heating, hearths are usually less central to most people's daily life because the heating of the home is instead done by a Furnace (house heating), furnace or a heating stove, and cooking is instead done with a kitchen stove/range (combination cooktop and oven) alongside other home appliances ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungi
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one of the kingdom (biology)#Six kingdoms (1998), traditional eukaryotic kingdoms, along with Animalia, Plantae, and either Protista or Protozoa and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of motility, mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
