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Magtymguly (city)
Magtymguly (formerly Garrygala, Kara-Kala, ) is a city () west of Aydere in Balkan Province, Turkmenistan. It is the administrative center (seat) of Magtymguly District. In 1972 it had a population of 5700 inhabitants, rising to 8412 in 1989. It is located in the foothills of the Kopet Dag mountain range, and it lies on the Sumbar River, a tributary of the Atrek River. History The ruins of a vast fortress on the river bank are located in Magtymguly. The fortress was used as a base by the Armenian Kings Tigranes I to Tigranes VI. Etymology Atanyyazow explains that Turkmen originally called the fortress, which he asserts was built here by Shah of Persia Mohammad, "Ganlygala" ("bloody fortress", from ''gan'' "blood" and ''gala'' "fortress") because of the amount of blood shed in fighting over it. At the end of the 19th century, under Russian influence the settlement was called Aleksandrov, but in the Soviet period it was renamed Garrygala in Turkmen (). Following Turkme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Countries Of The World
The following is a list providing an overview of sovereign states around the world with information on their status and recognition of their sovereignty. The 205 listed states can be divided into three categories based on membership within the United Nations System: 193 member states of the United Nations, UN member states, two United Nations General Assembly observers#Current non-member observers, UN General Assembly non-member observer states, and ten other states. The ''sovereignty dispute'' column indicates states having undisputed sovereignty (188 states, of which there are 187 UN member states and one UN General Assembly non-member observer state), states having disputed sovereignty (15 states, of which there are six UN member states, one UN General Assembly non-member observer state, and eight de facto states), and states having a political status of the Cook Islands and Niue, special political status (two states, both in associated state, free association with New ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tigranes I
Tigranes I () was an Artaxiad dynasty, Artaxiad king of Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity), Armenia at the end of the 2nd and the beginning of the 1st century BC. Few records have survived about his and his predecessor Artavasdes I of Armenia, Artavasdes I's reign, which has led to some confusion. Some modern scholars have doubted that such a king reigned at all. Other historians, such as Hakob Manandian, David Marshall Lang and Rouben Paul Adalian consider him a real figure but differ or are uncertain on the exact dates of his reign. Although it has been proposed that Tigranes I reigned from 123 BC to 96 BC, this view has been criticized. Another suggestion is that Tigranes I ruled in 120 BC - 95 BC and this has been recently corroborated by historian Christian Marek. Name The name () is the Ancient Greek, Greek form of Iranian languages#Old Iranian, Old Iranian ( in Classical Armenian, Armenian). The exact etymology is disputed but it is likely an Old Iranian patronymic formation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paul Brummell
Paul Brummell (born 28 August 1965) is a British diplomat and travel writer. Early life Brummell was educated at St Albans School before reading geography at St Catharine's College, Cambridge. He entered the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1987. Career After stints in Pakistan and Italy, intersperced with jobs in Whitehall, Brummell received his first posting as head of a diplomatic mission in 2002, as Ambassador to Turkmenistan. In 2005, he made the relatively short move to head the embassy in Kazakhstan, a position that also includes being non-resident ambassador to Kyrgyzstan.President of Kazakhstan to participate in summit of Turkic states in Antalya GAZETA.KZ That same year his name was among a list of individuals claimed to be serving members of the |
Institute Of Plant Industry
The Institute of Plant Industry, Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry or N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) (in ), as it is officially called since 2015, is a research institute of plant genetics and seed bank, located in Saint Petersburg, Russia. History The Institute of Plant Industry was established in 1921 in Leningrad by Nikolai Vavilov who set about to create the world's first and largest collection of plant seeds. Already in 1916 he did his first collection trip abroad, to Iran, and by 1932 he had collected seeds from almost every country in the world, which by 1933 had made the institute the largest seed bank in the world, with more than 148,000 specimens. However, Trofim Lysenko was eventually hired by the institute. He was a strong proponent of Lamarckism (the theory that changes to an organism's body during its life would be inherited) and rejected Mendelian hereditary genetics. This fitted Josef Stalin's world view, as it was seen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nikolai Vavilov
Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov ( rus, Никола́й Ива́нович Вави́лов, p=nʲɪkɐˈlaj ɪˈvanəvʲɪtɕ vɐˈvʲiləf, a=Ru-Nikolay_Ivanovich_Vavilov.ogg; – 26 January 1943) was a Russian and Soviet Union, Soviet agronomist, botanist and geneticist who identified the Vavilov Center, centers of origin of Horticulture, cultivated plants. His research focused on plant breeding, improvement of wheat, maize and other Cereal, cereal crops. Vavilov became the youngest member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. He was a member of the USSR Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, Central Executive Committee, a recipient of the Lenin Prize, and president of All-Union Geographical Society. He was a fellow of the Royal Society and of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Vavilov's work was criticized by Trofim Lysenko, whose anti-Mendelian inheritance, Mendelian concepts of plant biology had won favor with Joseph Stalin. As a result, Vavilov was arrested and subseq ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sünt-Hasardag Nature Reserve
Sünt-Hasardag Nature Reserve () is a nature reserve (''zapovednik'') of Turkmenistan. Established in 1977 for the protection of indigenous flora and fauna, it is located in south-western part of the Kopetdag Range in Balkan Province Balkan Region () is the westernmost of the five regions of Turkmenistan. Clockwise from north it borders Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (north); two provinces of Turkmenistan (east), Iran (south), and the Caspian Sea (west). The capital city is Balkana ..., covering an area of 303 km2. It also incorporates one sanctuary: * Sünt-Hasardag Sanctuary - established in 1990. The reserve is dominated by a dry subtropical climate, with long dry summers. The temperature in summer ranges from 35 to 45 degrees Celsius. The rainy season starts in November and lasts until April.The reserve is known as one of the centers in the world where wild relatives of cultivated crops thrive; wild relatives of figs, wild apples, walnuts, pistachios, almonds and cherri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Magtymguly Pyragy
Magtymguly Pyragy ( ''Makhdumqoli Farāghi''; , ; , born Magtymguly, was an Iranian-Turkmen spiritual leader, philosophical poet, Sufism, Sufi and traveller, who is considered the most famous figure in Turkmen literary history. Magtymguly is the greatest representative of Turkmen literature, credited with the creation of Turkmen written literature, and whose literary form became a powerful symbol of the historical and the incipient national consciousness of the Turkmen people. He is part of a unique period in the cultural history of Central Asia, with his exceptional talent projecting his personal poetic synthesis onto the next generation of poets of the region. The poems of the Turkmen poet have been translated into many languages of the world, including English, Russian, Kyrgyz, Romanian. In a wider context, Magtymguly is often placed alongside major figures of the Turkic peoples, Turkic literary world such as Ahmad Yasawi, Hoja Ahmad Yasawi, Yunus Emre, Ali-Shir Nava'i and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tigranes VI
Tigranes VI, also known as Tigran VI or by his Roman name Gaius Julius Tigranes (, before 25 – after 68) was a Herodian prince and served as a Roman client king of Armenia in the 1st century. He was the child born to Alexander by an unnamed wife. His mother was a noblewoman that flourished in the reigns of the first two Roman emperors Augustus and Tiberius. He was the namesake of his paternal uncle Tigranes V, who served as a previous king of Armenia during the reign of Augustus. His father's parents were Alexander and Glaphyra. Tigranes appears to be the only grandchild born to his paternal grandparents. His paternal grandfather Alexander was a Judean prince of Jewish, Nabataean and Edomite descent and was a son of King of Judea, Herod the Great and his wife Mariamne. His paternal grandmother Glaphyra was a Cappadocian princess of Greek, Armenian and Persian descent. She was the daughter of King Archelaus of Cappadocia and her mother was an unnamed princess from Arm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atrek River
The Atrek (, , ), also known as the Attrack, Atrak, and Etrek, is a fast-moving river which begins in the mountains of north-eastern Iran () and flows westward, draining into the south-eastern corner of the Caspian Sea in Turkmenistan. Because of the high use of its waters for irrigation, the Atrek only flows into the Caspian when it is in its flood stage. Geography The Atrek is long and drains a basin of . Politics Beginning at , where its tributary the Sumbar joins it, the river forms the border of Iran with Turkmenistan; this helped keep the area closed throughout the Cold War years. A 1957 treaty between Iran and the USSR assigns equal rights to 50% of the water of the frontier parts of the Atrek. The same treaty also applies to the Aras River, which now forms part of the border between Iran and Azerbaijan. Ecology Even though sturgeon Sturgeon (from Old English ultimately from Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Indo-European *''str̥(Hx)yón''-) is the common na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Provinces Of Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan is divided into five regions, or ''welaýatlar'' (singular '' welaýat'') and one capital city (''şäher'') with provincial legal status. They are Ahal, Balkan, Dashoguz, Lebap and Mary, plus the capital city of Ashgabat. Each province is divided into districts. As of 20 December 2022 there were 37 districts (), 49 cities (), including 7 cities with district status (), 68 towns (), 469 rural councils (rural municipal units, ) and 1690 villages (rural settlements ) in Turkmenistan. The regions are also translated as ''oblasts'', which were also the administrative divisions of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, a republic of the Soviet Union, which retained the system after independence in 1991. Capital city The capital city of Turkmenistan is Ashgabat, which is an administrative and territorial unit with provincial authorities. ''See also'Map of the Boroughs of Ashgabat As of January 5, 2018, Ashgabat includes four boroughs (''uly etraplar''), each with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sumbar River
The Sumbar (also Sari-su, Sara-su and Ṣáríṣú) is a fast flowing river in southern Turkmenistan and northern Iran. It a tributary of the Atrek. The name Sari-su means ''yellow water'' in Turkic languages, but is applied to a number of other rivers as well. It used to be an area for Caspian tigersGeptner, V. G., Sludskij, A. A. (1972). ''Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza.'' Vysšaia Škola, Moskva. (In Russian; English translation: Heptner, V.G., Sludskii, A. A., Komarov, A., Komorov, N.; Hoffmann, R. S. (1992)''Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol III: Carnivores (Feloidea).''Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Washington DC). in Turkmenistan, until the last individual was killed in January 1954. Geography The Sumbar is long and drains a basin of . It arises in the Kopet Dag mountains in Iran and flows into Turkmenistan. For a long stretch before the Sumbar runs into the Atrek, it is separated from the latter by a range of hills called the Marábeh. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kopet Dag
The Köpet Dag, Kopet Dagh, or Koppeh Dagh (; ), also known as the Turkmen-Khorasan Mountain Range, is a mountain range on the border between Turkmenistan and Iran that extends about along the border southeast of the Caspian Sea, stretching northwest-southeast from near the Caspian Sea in the northwest to the Harirud River in the southeast. In the southwest it borders on the parallel eastern endings of the Alborz mountains being together part of the much larger Alpide belt. The highest peak of the range in Turkmenistan is the Mount Rizeh (Kuh-e Rizeh), located at the southwest of the capital Ashgabat and stands at . The highest Iranian summit is Mount Quchan (Kuh-e Quchan) at . Etymology Vambery conjectured that ''köpet'' originates from the Turkmen language where "köp" means "a lot" or "many" and the word "dag" means "mountain" or "peak". He thus translated Köpetdag as "Many mountains (peaks)". He and others noted that in Persian ''koppeh'' means "pile" or "heap", and the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
