Madeleine M. Kunin
Madeleine Kunin (née May; born September 28, 1933) is a Swiss-born American diplomat, author and politician. She served as the List of Governors of Vermont, 77th governor of Vermont from 1985 until 1991, as a member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party. She also served as United States Ambassador to Switzerland from 1996 to 1999. She was Vermont's first and, to date, only List of female governors in the United States, female governor as well as the first Jewish governor of Vermont. She was also the first Jewish woman to be elected governor of a U.S. state. Since 2003, Kunin has been a James Marsh Professor-at-Large at the University of Vermont. Kunin also served as the List of lieutenant governors of Vermont, Lieutenant Governor of Vermont from 1979 until 1983. She ran for governor in 1982 Vermont gubernatorial election, 1982, but lost to Incumbent Governor Richard A. Snelling, Richard Snelling. Kunin was narrowly elected governor in 1984 Vermont gubernator ...
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List Of Ambassadors Of The United States To Switzerland And Liechtenstein
This is a list of United States ambassadors to the Switzerland, Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein. History Since 1997, the U.S. ambassador to Switzerland has also been Diplomatic accreditation, accredited to the Principality of Liechtenstein. Appointed on February 10, 1997, Ambassador Madeleine M. Kunin served as the first United States Ambassador to Liechtenstein. She presented her credentials to Liechtenstein on March 14, 1997, which marked the beginning of the United States' diplomatic relations with the country. Although the United States executed its first treaty with Liechtenstein in 1926, at the time, and until 1997, Liechtenstein was represented diplomatically by Switzerland. Before 1997 it was understood that the rights of a U.S.–Swiss agreement also extended to citizens of Liechtenstein because it had yielded control of its foreign affairs to Switzerland. At the end of the 20th century, however, it "began pursuing independent membership in ...
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Master Of Arts
A Master of Arts ( or ''Artium Magister''; abbreviated MA or AM) is the holder of a master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. The degree is usually contrasted with that of Master of Science. Those admitted to the degree have typically studied subjects within the scope of the humanities and social sciences, such as history, literature, languages, linguistics, public administration, political science, communication studies, law or diplomacy; however, different universities have different conventions and may also offer the degree for fields typically considered within the natural sciences and mathematics. The degree can be conferred in respect of completing courses and passing examinations, research, or a combination of the two. The degree of Master of Arts traces its origins to the teaching license or of the University of Paris, designed to produce "masters" who were graduate teachers of their subjects. Europe Czech Republic and Slovakia Like all EU membe ...
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German Jew
The history of the Jews in Germany goes back at least to the year 321 CE, and continued through the Early Middle Ages (5th to 10th centuries CE) and High Middle Ages (c. 1000–1299 CE) when Jewish immigrants founded the Ashkenazi Jewish community. The community survived under Charlemagne, but suffered during the Crusades. Accusations of well poisoning during the Black Death (1346–1353) led to mass slaughter of German Jews, while others fled in large numbers to Poland. The Jewish communities of the cities of Mainz, Speyer and Worms, Germany, Worms became the center of Jewish life during medieval times. "This was a golden age as area bishops protected the Jews, resulting in increased trade and prosperity." The First Crusade began an era of persecution of Jews in Germany. Entire communities, like those of Trier, Worms, Mainz and Cologne, were slaughtered. The Hussite Wars became the signal for renewed persecution of Jews. The end of the 15th century was a period of religious h ...
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Thomas P
Thomas may refer to: People * List of people with given name Thomas * Thomas (name) * Thomas (surname) * Saint Thomas (other) * Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and Doctor of the Church * Thomas the Apostle * Thomas (bishop of the East Angles) (fl. 640s–650s), medieval Bishop of the East Angles * Thomas (Archdeacon of Barnstaple) (fl. 1203), Archdeacon of Barnstaple * Thomas, Count of Perche (1195–1217), Count of Perche * Thomas (bishop of Finland) (1248), first known Bishop of Finland * Thomas, Earl of Mar (1330–1377), 14th-century Earl, Aberdeen, Scotland Geography Places in the United States * Thomas, Idaho * Thomas, Illinois * Thomas, Oklahoma * Thomas, Oregon * Thomas, South Dakota * Thomas, Virginia * Thomas, Washington * Thomas, West Virginia * Thomas County (other) * Thomas Township (other) Elsewhere * Thomas Glacier (Greenland) Arts and entertainment * ''Thomas'' (Burton novel), a 196 ...
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1990 Vermont Gubernatorial Election
The 1990 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 1990. Incumbent Democratic Governor Madeleine Kunin did not seek re-election. Former Governor Republican Richard Snelling defeated Democratic former State Senate President pro tempore Peter Welch in the general election. This would be the last Republican victory in a Vermont gubernatorial election until 2002. Democratic primary Candidates * Peter Welch, former State Senate President pro tempore and candidate for the U.S. House in 1988 * William Gwin Results Republican primary Candidates * Richard Snelling, former Governor and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 1986 * Richard F. Gottlieb, perennial candidate Results Libertarian primary Candidates * David Atkinson Results General election Results References See also * 1990 United States gubernatorial elections {{DEFAULTSORT:Vermont Gubernatorial Election, 1990 1990 Gubernatorial A governor is an administrative leader and h ...
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1988 Vermont Gubernatorial Election
The 1988 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Democrat Madeleine Kunin ran successfully for re-election to a third term as Governor of Vermont, defeating Republican candidate Michael Bernhardt. Democratic primary Results Republican primary Results Liberty Union primary Results General election Polling Results See also * 1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont * 1988 United States presidential election in Vermont * 1988 United States Senate election in Vermont References Vermont 1988 Gubernatorial A governor is an administrative leader and head of a polity or political region, in some cases, such as governors-general, as the head of a state's official representative. Depending on the type of political region or polity, a ''governor'' ma ...

1986 Vermont Gubernatorial Election
The 1986 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 1986. Incumbent Democrat Madeleine Kunin ran successfully for re-election to a second term as Governor of Vermont, defeating Republican candidate Peter Plympton Smith and independent candidate Bernie Sanders. Since no candidate won a majority of the popular vote, Kunin was elected by the Vermont General Assembly per the state constitution. This was the first time since 1912 that none of the candidates received a majority of the vote. Along with Democrats' takeover of the state House for the first time in history, Democrats won a trifecta in the state for the first time ever. Democratic primary Results Republican primary Results Liberty Union primary Results General election Candidates *Madeleine M. Kunin (D), incumbent Governor of Vermont *Peter Plympton Smith (R), Lieutenant Governor of Vermont *Bernie Sanders (I), Mayor of Burlington, Vermont *Richard F. Gottlieb (LU) Results ...
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1984 Vermont Gubernatorial Election
The 1984 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 1984. Incumbent Republican Richard A. Snelling did not run for another term as Governor of Vermont. Democratic candidate Madeleine Kunin defeated Republican candidate John J. Easton Jr. to succeed him. Kunin's win coincided with the presidential election, which saw Republican Ronald Reagan win Vermont with nearly 58% of the vote. Republican primary Candidates * John J. Easton Jr., Vermont Attorney General since 1981 * Hilton Wick, Middlebury College trustee Results Democratic primary Results Liberty Union primary Results General election Results References Vermont 1984 Gubernatorial A governor is an administrative leader and head of a polity or political region, in some cases, such as governors-general, as the head of a state's official representative. Depending on the type of political region or polity, a ''governor'' ma ...

1982 Vermont Gubernatorial Election
The 1982 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on November 2, 1982. Incumbent Republican Richard A. Snelling ran successfully for a fourth term as Governor of Vermont, defeating Democratic candidate Madeleine Kunin. Republican primary Results Democratic primary Results Liberty Union primary Results Citizens primary Results General election Results References Vermont 1982 Gubernatorial A governor is an administrative leader and head of a polity or political region, in some cases, such as governors-general, as the head of a state's official representative. Depending on the type of political region or polity, a ''governor'' ma ...

List Of Lieutenant Governors Of Vermont
The lieutenant governor of Vermont is elected for a two-year term and chosen separately from the Governor of Vermont, governor. The Vermont lieutenant governor's main responsibilities include acting as governor when the governor is out of state or incapacitated, presiding over the Vermont Senate, casting tie-breaking votes in the Senate when required, and Gubernatorial lines of succession in the United States#Vermont, acceding to the governorship in case of a vacancy. As a member of the state senate's Committee on Committees, the lieutenant governor plays a role in determining committee assignments for individual senators, as well as selecting committee Chairman, chairs, vice chairs, and Clerk#United States, clerks. The incumbent Lieutenant Governor is John S. Rodgers, a Republican Party (United States), Republican who was first elected in 2024 Vermont lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2024. Mountain rule From the founding of the Vermont Republican Party, Republican Party in the ...
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Jewish
Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly interrelated, as Judaism is their ethnic religion, though it is not practiced by all ethnic Jews. Despite this, religious Jews regard Gerim, converts to Judaism as members of the Jewish nation, pursuant to the Conversion to Judaism, long-standing conversion process. The Israelites emerged from the pre-existing Canaanite peoples to establish Kingdom of Israel (Samaria), Israel and Kingdom of Judah, Judah in the Southern Levant during the Iron Age.John Day (Old Testament scholar), John Day (2005), ''In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel'', Bloomsbury Publishing, pp. 47.5 [48] 'In this sense, the emergence of ancient Israel is viewed not as the cause of the demise of Canaanite culture but as its upshot'. Originally, J ...
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List Of Female Governors In The United States
As of 2025, 51 women have served as Governor (United States), governor of a U.S. state, three as governor of an Unincorporated territories of the United States, unincorporated U.S. territory, and two as mayor of the District of Columbia. In January 2025, women have been serving as governor in 12 U.S. states (13 between January 7 and 9, and January 21 and 25; 14 between January 9 and 21), as mayor of the District of Columbia, and as territorial governors of Guam and Puerto Rico. Of the current female state governors, 8 are Democratic Party (United States), Democrats and 4 are Republican Party (United States), Republicans. Madeleine Kunin is the oldest living former female governor at 91. History The first woman to act as governor was Carolyn B. Shelton, who served as Acting Governor of Oregon for one weekend from 9 a.m. on February 27, through 10 a.m. on March 1, 1909. The outgoing governor, George E. Chamberlain, George Earle Chamberlain, had been elected to the U.S. Senate an ...
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