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Lubuk Layang Inscription
Lubuk Layang inscription, also known as Kubu Sutan inscription, is an inscription found in 1970 in Kubu Sutan, Lubuk Layang, Rao Selatan district, Pasaman Regency, of West Sumatra, Indonesia. The inscription is carved into a sloping sandstone, partially submerged in the ground. It is 85 cm tall on the non-submerged side, and 43 cm on the immersed side, with 42 cm wide and 18 cm thick. The writing is on both front and back sides, the front contains 9 lines and the back contains 7 or 8 lines, and written in a mixed language of History of the Malay language#Old Malay (7th to 14th century), Old Malay and Old Javanese. Much of the writing is difficult to read because it is already worn out. The inscription is not dated, but paleography, paleographically it is viewed to be from the reign of King Adityawarman (14th century CE). The content of this inscription mentions a vice king/crown prince (Sanskrit: ''yuvraj, yuwaraja'') named Bijayendrawarman, who made a temple ('' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inscription
Epigraphy () is the study of inscriptions, or epigraphs, as writing; it is the science of identifying graphemes, clarifying their meanings, classifying their uses according to dates and cultural contexts, and drawing conclusions about the writing and the writers. Specifically excluded from epigraphy are the historical significance of an epigraph as a document and the artistic value of a literary composition. A person using the methods of epigraphy is called an ''epigrapher'' or ''epigraphist''. For example, the Behistun inscription is an official document of the Achaemenid Empire engraved on native rock at a location in Iran. Epigraphists are responsible for reconstructing, translating, and dating the trilingual inscription and finding any relevant circumstances. It is the work of historians, however, to determine and interpret the events recorded by the inscription as document. Often, epigraphy and history are competences practised by the same person. Epigraphy is a primar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bijayendrawarman
Bijayendrawarman was the name of one a '' yuwaraja'' (vice king, or crown prince) of the Malayapura kingdom, who ruled in the 14th century in the Pasaman Regency, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Bijayendrawarman's name is written in Lubuk Layang inscription, found in Pancahan village, in Rao Selatan district of Pasaman. It was stated that he built a ''stupa'', in a place called Parwatapuri. When viewed paleographically, the writing on the inscription is similar to other writings issued during the reign of King Adityawarman. This means that there could be two ''yuwaraja'' at the same time; namely Ananggawarman as mentioned in the Saruaso II inscription, and Bijayendrawarman himself which could be another son of King Adityawarman. Bijayendrawarman's seat of government was located in the kingdom's border region (Pasaman), that might be indicating that he was a younger child, who was appointed to rule the area. Another possibility would be that Bijayendrawarman was associated to Akarendrawar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pagaruyung Kingdom
Pagaruyung (ڤاڬارويوڠ; also Pagarruyung, Pagar Ruyung and, Malayapura or Malayupura) was the seat of the Minangkabau kings of Western Sumatra, though little is known about it. Modern Pagaruyung is a village in ''Tanjung Emas'' subdistrict, Tanah Datar regency, located near the town of Batusangkar, Indonesia. History Beginnings Adityawarman is believed to have founded the kingdom and presided over the central Sumatra region between 1347 and 1375, most likely to control the local gold trade. The few artefacts recovered from Adityawarman's reign include a number of stones containing inscriptions, and statues. Some of these items were found at ''Bukit Gombak'', a hill near modern Pagarruyung, and it is believed a royal palace was located there. There is a major gap in the historical picture in the Minangkabau highlands between the last date of Adityawarman's inscription in 1375 and Tomé Pires ''Suma Oriental'', written some time between 1513 and 1515. By the 16th c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mauli Dynasty
Mauli was a dynasty of kings that ruled the '' Bhumi Malayu'' or Dharmasraya kingdom, centered in the Batanghari river system (today Jambi and West Sumatra provinces, Sumatra), from the 11th century to the 14th century.Muljana, Slamet, 2006, ''Sriwijaya'', Yogyakarta: LKIS. Most Mauli kings were Mahayana—Vajrayana Buddhists. The dynasty appeared almost two centuries after the fall of the Sailendra dynasty that ruled Srivijaya, after the Chola invasion in 1025, led by Rajendra from Tamil Nadu, India. It seems that the family was once the member of the Srivijayan mandala and stepped into the power to rule the former Srivijayan mandala which included Sumatra and Malay Peninsula. The dynasty was based on the Batanghari river system, initially centered in Muaro Jambi, and considered as the successor state of Srivijaya. In the later period, the kingdom's capital shifted inland upstream from Batanghari to Dharmasraya, and later moved further inland to Pagaruyung in present-da ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johannes Gijsbertus De Casparis
Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis (31 May 1916, Eemnes – 19 June 2002, Wassenaar) was a Dutch orientalist and indologist. Early years After attending Barlaeus Gymnasium in Amsterdam, De Casparis started piano study at the conservatory of Amsterdam. However, a year later, in 1934, he turned to classical languages with Russian as a minor at the University of Amsterdam. Barend Faddegon was teaching Sanskrit in Amsterdam and under his influence, de Casparis switched to Sanskrit. In 1935, the archaeologist Willem Frederik Stutterheim of the Oudheidkundige Dienst in Nederlandsch-Indië (Archaeological Service in the Netherlands Indies) gave a lecture at the University of Amsterdam at which time he advised de Casparis to transfer to Leiden to continue his studies because the Oudheidkundige Dienst was looking for an epigrapher to replace Roelof Goris. Accordingly, de Casparis registered for Indology at the University of Leiden in 1936. He excelled as a student and quickly passed his exa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Majapahit
Majapahit ( jv, ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀; ), also known as Wilwatikta ( jv, ꦮꦶꦭ꧀ꦮꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦠ; ), was a Javanese Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia that was based on the island of Java (in modern-day Indonesia). It existed from 1293 to circa 1527 and reached its peak of glory during the era of Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 was marked by conquests that extended throughout Southeast Asia. His achievement is also credited to his prime minister, Gajah Mada. According to the () written in 1365, Majapahit was an empire of 98 tributaries, stretching from Sumatra to New Guinea; consisting of present-day Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, southern Thailand, Timor Leste, southwestern Philippines (in particular the Sulu Archipelago) although the scope of Majapahit sphere of influence is still the subject of debate among historians. The nature of Majapahit relations and influences upon its overseas vassals, and also its status as an empi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stupa
A stupa ( sa, स्तूप, lit=heap, ) is a mound-like or hemispherical structure containing relics (such as '' śarīra'' – typically the remains of Buddhist monks or nuns) that is used as a place of meditation. In Buddhism, circumambulation or '' pradakhshina'' has been an important ritual and devotional practice since the earliest times, and stupas always have a ''pradakhshina'' path around them. The original South Asian form is a large solid dome above a tholobate or drum with vertical sides, which usually sits on a square base. There is no access to the inside of the structure. In large stupas there may be walkways for circumambulation on top of the base as well as on the ground below it. Large stupas have or had ''vedikā'' railings outside the path around the base, often highly decorated with sculpture, especially at the torana gateways, of which there are usually four. At the top of the dome is a thin vertical element, with one of more horizontal discs spre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yuvraj
Yuv(a)raj(a) (Sanskrit: युवराज) is an Indian title for the crown prince, and the heir apparent to the throne of an Indian (notably Hindu) kingdom or (notably in the Mughal Empire or British Raj) princely state. It is usually applied to the eldest son of a Raja (King) or Maharaja (Great King), a kshatriya chief ruling one of the former kingdoms or vassal-rank princely states. Individuals * Yuvraj Singh (politician), was an Indian Politician and a MLA from Hamirpur constituency from Uttar Pradesh. * Yuvaraj Dhayalan, Tamil film assistant director * Yuvraj Hans, a Punjabi actor and singer * Yuvraj Singh, an Indian cricketer * Yuvraj Walmiki, an Indian professional field hockey player * Yuvraj Khanal, a professional student Other uses * ''Yuvvraaj'', a Bollywood movie by Subhash Ghai featuring Salman Khan Abdul Rashid Salim Salman Khan (; 27 December 1965) is an Indian actor, film producer, and television personality who works in Hindi films. In a film career ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pasaman Regency
Pasaman Regency is a regency ''(kabupaten)'' of West Sumatra, Indonesia. It has an area of and had a population of 252,981 at the 2010 Census and 299,851 at the 2020 Census. The regency seat is the town of Lubuk Sikaping. Pasaman is located in the north-east of West Sumatra. The town of Bonjol, birthplace of Tuanku Imam Bonjol, is notable for being the area where the Trans-Sumatran Highway crosses the equator. Although the majority tribe in West Sumatra is Minangkabau, in Pasaman there is another big tribe, the Mandailing from North Sumatra, so Pasaman means "equality" between two tribes in the Minangkabau language (Indonesian: ''Persamaan''). The first Vice-Regent of Pasaman was H. Ahmad Dahlan Nasution from Duo Koto, King of Sontang (kingdom of Mandailing in Pasaman). Administrative districts Pasaman Regency is divided into twelve districts A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by the local government. Across the world, ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominalization, nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural diffusion, diffused there from the northwest in the late Bronze Age#South Asia, Bronze Age. Sanskrit is the sacred language of Hinduism, the language of classical Hindu philosophy, and of historical texts of Buddhism and Jainism. It was a lingua franca, link language in ancient and medieval South Asia, and upon transmission of Hindu and Buddhist culture to Southeast Asia, East Asia and Central Asia in the early medieval era, it became a language of religion and high culture, and of the political elites in some of these regions. As a result, Sanskrit had a lasting impact on the languages of South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia, especially in their formal and learned vocabularies. Sanskrit generally connotes several Indo-Aryan lang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adityawarman
Adityawarman (formal regnal name Maharajadiraja Srīmat Srī Udayādityawarma Pratāpaparākrama Rājendra Maulimāli Warmadewa. ) was a king of Malayapura Suvarnabhumi, and is the successor of the Mauli dynasty based on central Sumatra. He was the cousin of Jayanegara, king of Majapahit from 1309–1328, and the grandson of Tribhuwanaraja, king of Melayu Kingdom. Adityawarman was awarded the Senior Minister of Majapahit (''wreddamantri'') and used this authority to launch Majapahit military expansion plans and conquered east coast region in Sumatra. Adityawarman then founded the royal dynasty of Minangkabau in Pagaruyung and presided over the central Sumatra region to take control of the gold trade between 1347 and 1375. Early life Adityawarman was born around in 1294 in Trowulan, East Java, the capital of the kingdom of Majapahit, as recorded in the poem of Pararaton. According to Kuburajo inscription found in Limo Kaum, West Sumatra, Adityawarman's father was Majapahi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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