Loricatosaurus Priscus
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Loricatosaurus Priscus
''Loricatosaurus'' (meaning "armored lizard") is a genus of stegosaurid dinosaur known from Callovian-aged (Middle Jurassic) rocks of England and France. Discovery and naming ''Loricatosaurus'' is known from remains previously assigned to ''Lexovisaurus'' that were first discovered at the Fletton brick pit in the Oxford Clay Formation, Fletton, Peterborough, England, by Alfred Leeds during November 1901.J. W. Hulke. 1887. Note on some dinosaurian remains in the collection of A. Leeds, Esq. Part I. Ornithopsis leedsii. Part II. Omosaurus, sp. Geological Magazine, decade 3 4:375-376 Leeds collected a semi articulated skeleton consisting of two cervical, six dorsal, and 16 caudal vertebrae, a partial right forelimb, partial left hindlimb, partial pelves, and some fragmentary dermal armor. One piece of armor was described as a parascapular spine, but it is actually a fragmentary tail spine. In 1957, another specimen now referred to ''Loricatosaurus'' was briefly referred to ''Lex ...
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Middle Jurassic
The Middle Jurassic is the second Epoch (geology), epoch of the Jurassic Period (geology), Period. It lasted from about 174.1 to 161.5 million years ago. Fossils of land-dwelling animals, such as dinosaurs, from the Middle Jurassic are relatively rare, but geological formations containing land animal fossils include the Forest Marble Formation in England, the Kilmaluag Formation in Scotland,British Geological Survey. 2011Stratigraphic framework for the Middle Jurassic strata of Great Britain and the adjoining continental shelf: research report RR/11/06 British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham. the Calcaire de Caen of France, the Daohugou Beds in China, the Itat Formation in Russia, the Tiouraren Formation of Niger, and the Isalo III Formation of western Madagascar. Rocks of the Middle Jurassic were formerly (until about 1980s) in Europe called ''Dogger'' or ''Brown Jurassic''. Paleogeography During the Middle Jurassic Epoch, Pangaea began to separate into Laurasia and Gond ...
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Holotype
A holotype (Latin: ''holotypus'') is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described. It is either the single such physical example (or illustration) or one of several examples, but explicitly designated as the holotype. Under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), a holotype is one of several kinds of name-bearing types. In the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and ICZN, the definitions of types are similar in intent but not identical in terminology or underlying concept. For example, the holotype for the butterfly '' Plebejus idas longinus'' is a preserved specimen of that subspecies, held by the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. In botany and mycology, an isotype is a duplicate of the holotype, generally pieces from the same individual plant or samples from the same genetic individual. A holotype is not necessarily "ty ...
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Bashanosaurus
''Bashanosaurus'' (meaning "Bashan lizard") is an extinct genus of stegosaurian dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian age) Shaximiao Formation of Yunyang County, China. The genus contains a single species, ''Bashanosaurus primitivus'', known from incomplete skeletons belonging to three individuals. It is one of the basalmost stegosaurs, as well as one of the oldest known stegosaurs, along with ''Adratiklit'', '' Isaberrysaura'', and '' Thyreosaurus''. Discovery and naming In 2016, a quarry of dinosaur fossils representing outcrops of the lower Shaximiao Formation was found in Laojun Village of Pu’an Township in Yunyang County, Chongqing Municipality, China. The ''Bashanosaurus'' fossil material was among the bones found in the outcrops, consisting of three specimens collected from the same horizon. The holotype specimen, CLGPR V00006-1, includes one dorsal and two caudal vertebrae, the right scapulocoracoid, a partial left hindlimb (femur, tibia, fibula, and a m ...
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Isaberrysaura Mollensis
''Isaberrysaura'' is an extinct genus of stegosaurian ornithischian dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic Los Molles Formation of Patagonia, Argentina. The genus contains a single species, ''I. mollensis'', described by Salgado in 2017 based on a single specimen. Although initially classified as a basal neornithischian, subsequent analyses have allied it with the Stegosauria as the morphology of its skull resembles those of other members of the group. Discovery The ''Isaberrysaura'' holotype specimen, MOZ-Pv 6459, was discovered in the marine to deltaic sediments of the Los Molles Formation, which is of Bajocian age, by Isabel Valdivia Berry, who is honoured in the generic name. The specimen consists of a partial skeleton (the postcranial material of which is still unprepared) with a nearly complete skull , six cervical vertebrae, fifteen dorsal vertebrae, a sacrum with a partial ilium and apparently complete pubis, nine caudal vertebrae, part of a scapula, ribs, and other un ...
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Isaberrysaura
''Isaberrysaura'' is an extinct genus of stegosaurian ornithischian dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic Los Molles Formation of Patagonia, Argentina. The genus contains a single species, ''I. mollensis'', described by Salgado in 2017 based on a single specimen. Although initially classified as a basal neornithischian, subsequent analyses have allied it with the Stegosauria as the morphology of its skull resembles those of other members of the group. Discovery The ''Isaberrysaura'' holotype specimen, MOZ-Pv 6459, was discovered in the marine to deltaic sediments of the Los Molles Formation, which is of Bajocian age, by Isabel Valdivia Berry, who is honoured in the generic name. The specimen consists of a partial skeleton (the postcranial material of which is still unprepared) with a nearly complete skull , six cervical vertebrae, fifteen dorsal vertebrae, a sacrum with a partial ilium and apparently complete pubis, nine caudal vertebrae, part of a scapula, ribs, and othe ...
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Huayangosaurus Taibaii
''Huayangosaurus'' is a genus of stegosaurian dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of China. The name derives from "Huayang" (華陽), an alternate name for Sichuan (the province where it was discovered), and "saurus", meaning "lizard". It lived during the Bathonian to Callovian stages, around 165 million years ago, some 20 million years before its famous relative, ''Stegosaurus'' appeared in North America. At only approximately long, it was also much smaller than its famous cousin. Found in the Lower Shaximiao Formation, ''Huayangosaurus'' shared the local Middle Jurassic landscape with the sauropods ''Shunosaurus'', ''Datousaurus'', ''Omeisaurus'' and '' Protognathosaurus'', the ornithopod ''Xiaosaurus'' and the carnivorous ''Gasosaurus''. Description As with other stegosaurians, ''Huayangosaurus'' was a quadrupedal herbivore with a small skull and a spiked tail. Like ''Stegosaurus'', ''Huayangosaurus'' bore the distinctive double row of plates that characterize all the stegosa ...
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Huayangosauridae
Stegosauria is a group of herbivorous ornithischian dinosaurs that lived during the Jurassic and early Cretaceous periods. Stegosaurian fossils have been found mostly in the Northern Hemisphere (North America, Europe and Asia), Africa and South America. Their geographical origins are unclear; the earliest unequivocal stegosaurian, '' Bashanosaurus primitivus'', was found in the Bathonian Shaximiao Formation of China. Stegosaurians were armored dinosaurs (thyreophorans). Originally, they did not differ much from more primitive members of that group, being small, low-slung, running animals protected by armored scutes. An early evolutionary innovation was the development of spikes as defensive weapons. Later species, belonging to a subgroup called the Stegosauridae, became larger, and developed long hindlimbs that no longer allowed them to run. This increased the importance of active defence by the thagomizer, which could ward off even large predators because the tail was in a hig ...
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Cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to descendants, nor does it show how much they have changed, so many differing evolutionary trees can be consistent with the same cladogram. A cladogram uses lines that branch off in different directions ending at a clade, a group of organisms with a last common ancestor. There are many shapes of cladograms but they all have lines that branch off from other lines. The lines can be traced back to where they branch off. These branching off points represent a hypothetical ancestor (not an actual entity) which can be inferred to exhibit the traits shared among the terminal taxa above it. This hypothetical ancestor might then provide clues about the order of evolution of various features, adaptation, and other e ...
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Stegosaurinae
Stegosauria is a group of herbivorous ornithischian dinosaurs that lived during the Jurassic and early Cretaceous periods. Stegosaurian fossils have been found mostly in the Northern Hemisphere (North America, Europe and Asia), Africa and South America. Their geographical origins are unclear; the earliest unequivocal stegosaurian, ''Bashanosaurus primitivus'', was found in the Bathonian Shaximiao Formation of China. Stegosaurians were armored dinosaurs (thyreophorans). Originally, they did not differ much from more primitive members of that group, being small, low-slung, running animals protected by armored scutes. An early evolutionary innovation was the development of spikes as defensive weapons. Later species, belonging to a subgroup called the Stegosauridae, became larger, and developed long hindlimbs that no longer allowed them to run. This increased the importance of active defence by the thagomizer, which could ward off even large predators because the tail was in a higher ...
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Qigu Formation
The Qigu Formation is a Late Jurassic ( Oxfordian) geologic formation in the Southern Junggar Basin in China. Indeterminate Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, including the stegosaur (" Angustungui qiketaensis"), theropod teeth and a fibula. a stegosaur dorsal vertebra and a Eusauropod tooth. ''Xinjiangtitan'' was erroneously thought to be from this formation, but it is actually from the older Qiketai Formation, which is in a different basin. The term "Qigu Formation" is also used to sediments of equivalent age in the Turpan Basin, but this might better be treated as a separate formation. It is laterally equivalent to the Shishugou Formation. Fossil content The mass accumulation of Jurassic freshwater turtle fossils belonging to the genus '' Annemys'', discovered in 2009 at a site nicknamed "Mesa Chelonia" in Shanshan County, Xinjiang is thought to likely belong to the Qigu Formation, though it belongs to the strata of the Turp ...
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Sister Taxon
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and taxon B are sister groups to each other. Taxa A and B, together with any other extant or extinct descendants of their most recent common ancestor (MRCA), form a monophyletic group, the clade AB. Clade AB and taxon C are also sister groups. Taxa A, B, and C, together with all other descendants of their MRCA form the clade ABC. The whole clade ABC is itself a subtree of a larger tree which offers yet more sister group relationships, both among the leaves and among larger, more deeply rooted clades. The tree structure shown connects through its root to the rest of the universal tree of life. In cladistic standards, taxa A, B, and C may represent specimens, species, genera, or any other taxonomic units. If A and B are at the same taxonomic ...
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Phylogenetic Analysis
In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical data and observed heritable traits of DNA sequences, protein amino acid sequences, and morphology. The results are a phylogenetic tree—a diagram depicting the hypothetical relationships among the organisms, reflecting their inferred evolutionary history. The tips of a phylogenetic tree represent the observed entities, which can be living taxa or fossils. A phylogenetic diagram can be rooted or unrooted. A rooted tree diagram indicates the hypothetical common ancestor of the taxa represented on the tree. An unrooted tree diagram (a network) makes no assumption about directionality of character state transformation, and does not show the origin or "root" of the taxa in question. In addition to their use for inferring phylogenetic patterns a ...
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