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List Of Historical Encyclopedias
This is a list of encyclopedias, arranged by time period. For other arrangements, see Lists of encyclopedias. Encyclopedias before 1700 * ''Nine Books of Disciplines'' by Marcus Terentius Varro (116 BC-27 BC) * ''Naturalis Historia'' by Pliny the Elder (AD 77-79); highly influential through the Middle Ages, the oldest encyclopedia for which there is an extant copy * '' De verborum significatione'' by Sextus Pompeius Festus (2nd century AD) * ''Onomasticon'' by Julius Pollux (2nd century AD) * ''The Emperor's Mirror'' ('' Huanglan''), Wei dynasty (220-265), Chinese * ''De compendiosa doctrina'', by Nonius Marcellus (probably AD 4th century) 5th century *Martianus Capella, ''De nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae'', introduced the division in seven liberal arts 6th century *''Bṛhatsaṃhitā'' of Varāhamihira (c. 505 – c. 587) *Cassiodorus' ''Institutiones'' (full title: ''Institutiones Divinarum et Saecularium Litterarum''), AD 560; first Christian encyclopedia 7th century *'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Encyclopedia
An encyclopedia is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge, either general or special, in a particular field or discipline. Encyclopedias are divided into article (publishing), articles or entries that are arranged Alphabetical order, alphabetically by article name or by thematic categories, or else are hyperlinked and searchable. Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionary, dictionaries. Generally speaking, encyclopedia articles focus on ''factual information'' concerning the subject named in the article's title; this is unlike dictionary entries, which focus on Linguistics, linguistic information about words, such as their etymology, meaning, pronunciation, use, and grammar, grammatical forms.Béjoint, Henri (2000)''Modern Lexicography'', pp. 30–31. Oxford University Press. Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,000 years and have evolved considerably during that time as regards language (written in a major inte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fayuan Zhulin
''Fayuan Zhulin'' (; "Forest of Gems in the Garden of the Dharma"), in 100 ''juan'' (卷 "volume", "fascicle"), is a Buddhist encyclopedia compiled AD 668 by Daoshi (道世). It comprises Buddhist and other ancient texts otherwise lost, and is thus an important source for the study of medieval Chinese Buddhism. It was used under the Ming Dynasty The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming was the last imperial dynasty of ... to reconstruct older zhiguai collections. References Further reading * * * *Ong Hsu, Alexander (2018)Practices of Scriptural Economy: Compiling and Copying a Seventh-Century Chinese Buddhist Anthology dissertation, University of Chicago *Teiser, S. F. (1985). T'ang Buddhist Encyclopedias:an Introduction to Fa-Yüan Chu-Lin and Chu-Ching Yao-Chi, Tang Studies, 1985:3, 109–128, DOI: 10.1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Four Great Books Of Song
The ''Four Great Books of Song'' () was compiled by a team of scholars during the Song dynasty (960–1279). The term was coined after the last book ('' Cefu Yuangui'') was finished during the 11th century. The four encyclopedias were published and intended to collect the whole knowledge of the new state. The four books are: * The '' Taiping Yulan'' is a general-purpose '' leishu'' encyclopedia. * The '' Taiping Guangji'' is a collection of deities, fairies, ghost stories and theology. * The '' Wenyuan Yinghua'' is an anthology of poetry, odes, songs and other writings. * The '' Cefu Yuangui'' is a ''leishu'' encyclopedia of political essays, autobiographies, memorials and decrees A decree is a legal proclamation, usually issued by a head of state, judge, royal figure, or other relevant authorities, according to certain procedures. These procedures are usually defined by the constitution, Legislative laws, or customary l .... See also * Chinese classic texts References * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suda
The ''Suda'' or ''Souda'' (; ; ) is a large 10th-century Byzantine Empire, Byzantine encyclopedia of the History of the Mediterranean region, ancient Mediterranean world, formerly attributed to an author called Soudas () or Souidas (). It is an encyclopedic lexicon, written in Medieval Greek, Greek, with 30,000 entries, many drawing from ancient sources that have since been lost, and often derived from Christianity in the Middle Ages, medieval Christian compilers. Title The exact spelling of the title is disputed. The transmitted title (''paradosis'') is "Suida", which is also attested in Eustathius of Thessalonica, Eustathius' commentary on Homer's epic poems; several conjectures have been made, both defending it and trying to correct it in "Suda". * Paul Maas (classical scholar), Paul Maas advocated for the spelling, connecting it to the Latin verb , the second-person singular imperative of , "to sweat". * Franz Dölger also defended , tracing its origins back to Byzantine mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constantine VII
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (; 17 May 905 – 9 November 959) was the fourth Byzantine emperor of the Macedonian dynasty, reigning from 6 June 913 to 9 November 959. He was the son of Emperor Leo VI and his fourth wife, Zoe Karbonopsina, and the nephew of his predecessor Alexander. Most of his reign was dominated by co-regents: from 913 until 919 he was under the regency of his mother, while from 920 until 945 he shared the throne with Romanos Lekapenos, whose daughter Helena he married, and his sons. Constantine VII is best known for the '' Geoponika'' (τά γεοπονικά), an important agronomic treatise compiled during his reign, and three, perhaps four, books; (bearing in Greek the heading Πρὸς τὸν ἴδιον υἱὸν Ῥωμανόν), (Περὶ τῆς Βασιλείου Τάξεως), '' De Thematibus'' (Περὶ θεμάτων Άνατολῆς καὶ Δύσεως), and '' Vita Basilii'' (Βίος Βασιλείου), though his authorship of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
De Administrando Imperio
(; ) is a Greek-language work written by the 10th-century Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII. It is a domestic and foreign policy manual for the use of Constantine's son and successor, the Emperor Romanos II. It is a prominent example of Byzantine encyclopaedism. Author and background The emperor Constantine VII "Porphyrogenitus" (905–959) was only surviving son of the emperor Leo VI the Wise (886–912). Leo VI gave the crown to young Constantine VII in 908 and he became the co-emperor. Leo VI died in May 912, and his brother and co-emperor Alexander became the ruler of Constantinople, but Alexander died in 913. Constantine VII was too young to rule on his own, and the governorship was created. Later in May 919 Constantine VII married Helena Lekapene, daughter of Romanos Lekapenos. In December 920, Romanos I Lekapenos (920–944) was crowned a co-emperor, but he really took over the imperial reign in Constantinople. From 920, Constantine VII become increasingly distant f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
De Rerum Naturis
Rabanus Maurus Magnentius ( 780 – 4 February 856), also known as Hrabanus or Rhabanus, was a Frankish Benedictine monk, theologian, poet, encyclopedist and military writer who became archbishop of Mainz in East Francia. He was the author of the encyclopaedia ''De rerum naturis'' (''"On the Natures of Things"''). He also wrote treatises on education and grammar and commentaries on the Bible. He was one of the most prominent teachers and writers of the Carolingian age, and was called "Praeceptor Germaniae", or "the teacher of Germany". In the most recent edition of the Roman Martyrology (''Martyrologium Romanum'', 2004, pp. 133), his feast is given as 4 February and he is qualified as a Saint ('sanctus'). Life Rabanus was born of noble parents in Mainz. The date of his birth remains uncertain, but in 801 he was ordained a deacon at Benedictine Abbey of Fulda in Hesse, where he had been sent to school and had become a monk. At the insistence of Ratgar, his abbot, he went tog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hrabanus Maurus
Rabanus Maurus Magnentius ( 780 – 4 February 856), also known as Hrabanus or Rhabanus, was a Frankish Benedictine monk, theologian, poet, encyclopedist and military writer who became archbishop of Mainz in East Francia. He was the author of the encyclopaedia ''De rerum naturis'' (''"On the Natures of Things"''). He also wrote treatises on education and grammar and commentaries on the Bible. He was one of the most prominent teachers and writers of the Carolingian age, and was called "Praeceptor Germaniae", or "the teacher of Germany". In the most recent edition of the Roman Martyrology ('' Martyrologium Romanum'', 2004, pp. 133), his feast is given as 4 February and he is qualified as a Saint ('sanctus'). Life Rabanus was born of noble parents in Mainz. The date of his birth remains uncertain, but in 801 he was ordained a deacon at Benedictine Abbey of Fulda in Hesse, where he had been sent to school and had become a monk. At the insistence of Ratgar, his abbot, he went ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Photios I Of Constantinople
Photius I of Constantinople (, ''Phōtios''; 815 – 6 February 893), also spelled ''Photius''Fr. Justin Taylor, essay "Canon Law in the Age of the Fathers" (published in Jordan Hite, T.O.R., and Daniel J. Ward, O.S.B., "Readings, Cases, Materials in Canon Law - A Textbook for Ministerial Students, Revised Edition" ollegeville, Minn., The Liturgical Press, 1990, p. 61 (), was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 858 to 867 and from 877 to 886. He is recognized in the Eastern Orthodox Church as Saint Photius the Great. Photius I is widely regarded as the most powerful and influential church leader of Constantinople subsequent to John Chrysostom's archbishopric around the turn of the fifth century. He is also viewed as the most important intellectual of his time – "the leading light of the ninth-century renaissance". He was a central figure in both the conversion of the Slavs to Christianity and the Photian schism, and is considered " e great systematic compiler ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bibliotheca (Photius)
The ''Bibliotheca'' () or ''Myriobiblos'' (Μυριόβιβλος, "Ten Thousand Books") was a ninth-century work of Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, Patriarch of Constantinople Patriarch Photius I of Constantinople, Photius, dedicated to his brother and composed of 279 reviews of books which he had read. Overview ''Bibliotheca'' was not meant to be a reference work, but was widely used as such in the 9th century, and is one of the Byzantine encyclopaedism, first Byzantine works that could be called an encyclopedia. Leighton Durham Reynolds, Reynolds and Wilson call it "a fascinating production, in which Photius shows himself the inventor of the Book review, book-review," and say its "280 sections... vary in length from a single sentence to several pages". The works he notes are mainly Christian and pagan authors from the 5th century BC to his own time in the 9th century AD. Almost half the books mentioned no longer survive. These would have disa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Qutayba
Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muslim ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī al-Marwazī better known simply as Ibn Qutaybah (; c. 828 – 13 November 889 CE/213 – 15 Rajab 276 AH) was an Islamic scholar of Persian descent. He served as a judge during the Abbasid Caliphate, but was best known for his contributions to Arabic literature.Abd Allah Abu Muhammad Abd Allah ibn Muslim al-Dinwari Ibn Qutaybah from The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford Reference, Copyright © 2013. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adab Al-katib
Adab or ADAB may refer to: ; Places * Adab (city), a city of ancient Sumer * Adab, Yemen, a village * Al Dhafra Air Base, a military installation of the United Arab Emirates Air Force near Abu Dhabi, UAE ; Literary and cultural use * Adab (Islam), the category of Islamic law dealing with etiquette * Adab (literature), the classical Islamic literature * Adab (gesture) Adab ( Hindustani: آداب ( Nastaleeq), आदाब (Devanagari)), from the Arabic word Aadaab (آداب), meaning respect and politeness, is a hand gesture used in the Indian subcontinent, by the Urdu-speaking while greeting. It involves raisi ..., a greeting gesture traditionally used by Muslims of South Asia ; Media * '' Al Adab'', Arabic online literary magazine in Beirut, Lebanon ; Organizations * Australian Development Assistance Bureau, predecessor of Australian Aid, Australia's foreign aid program ; Surname * Misbaholdiwan Adab, a Kurdish poet {{Disambig, geo, airports ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
