Suda

The ''Suda'' or ''Souda'' (; ; ) is a large 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world, formerly attributed to an author called Soudas () or Souidas (). It is an encyclopedic lexicon, written in Greek, with 30,000 entries, many drawing from ancient sources that have since been lost, and often derived from medieval Christian compilers.

Title

The exact spelling of the title is disputed. The transmitted title (''paradosis'') is "Suida", which is also attested in Eustathius' commentary on Homer's epic poems; several conjectures have been made, both defending it and trying to correct it in "Suda".

* Paul Maas advocated for the spelling, connecting it to the Latin verb , the second-person singular imperative of , "to sweat".
* Franz Dölger also defended , tracing its origins back to Byzantine military lexicon (, "ditch, trench", then "fortress").
* Henri Grégoire, starting from a critique to Dölger's interpretation, defended a proposal advanced by one of his pupils, and explained the word as the acrostic of , "Collection of names (words) by different learned men", or alternatively , "Collection of lexicographical material in alphabetical order". This suggestion was also supported by French Hellenist and Byzantinist Alphonse Dain.
* Silvio Giuseppe Mercati wrote on the matter twice: firstly in an article appeared in the academic journal ''Byzantion'', and later in an expanded version of the same. He suggested a link with the Neo-Latin substantive ("guide"), transliterated in Greek as and later miswritten as . This interpretation was strongly criticized by Dölger, who also refused to publish Mercati's first article in the ''Byzantinische Zeitschrift''; on the other hand, Giuseppe Schirò supported it.
* Bertrand Hemmerdinger interpreted Σουΐδας as a Doric genitive.

Other suggestions include Jan Sajdak's theory that may derive from Sanskrit ''suvidyā'' (which he translated into Latin: ''perfecta cumulataque scientia'', "collected and systemized knowledge"); Giuseppe Scarpat's link to an unidentified Judas, the supposed author of the Lexicon; and Hans Gerstinger's explanation which points at Russian ''sudá'' "here", as the answer to the question "" "what and where is it?". The most recent explanation as of 2024 has been advanced by Claudia Nuovo, who defended Σοῦδα on palaeographical, philological and historical grounds.

Content and sources

The ''Suda'' is somewhere between a grammatical dictionary and an encyclopedia in the modern sense. It explains the source, derivation, and meaning of words according to the philology of its period, using such earlier authorities as Harpocration and Helladios. It is a rich source of ancient and Byzantine history and life, although not every article is of equal quality, and it is an "uncritical" compilation.

Much of the work is probably interpolated, and passages that refer to Michael Psellos (c. 1017–1078) are deemed interpolations which were added in later copies.

Biographical notices

This lexicon contains numerous biographical notices on political, ecclesiastical, and literary figures of the Byzantine Empire to the tenth century, those biographical entries being condensations from the works of Hesychius of Miletus, as the author himself avers. Other sources were the encyclopedia of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (reigned 912–959) for the figures in ancient history, excerpts of John of Antioch (seventh century) for Roman history, the chronicle of Hamartolus ( Georgios Monachos, 9th century) for the Byzantine age, the biographies of Diogenes Laërtius, and the works of Athenaeus and Philostratus. Other principal sources include a lexicon by " Eudemus," perhaps derived from the work ''On Rhetorical Language'' by Eudemus of Argos.

Lost scholia

The lexicon copiously draws from scholia to the classics (Homer, Aristophanes, Thucydides, Sophocles, etc.), and for later writers, Polybius, Josephus, the '' Chronicon Paschale'', George Syncellus, George Hamartolus, and so on. The ''Suda'' quotes or paraphrases these sources at length. Since many of the originals are lost, the ''Suda'' serves as an invaluable repository of literary history, and this preservation of the "literary history" is more vital than the lexicographical compilation itself, by some estimation.

Organization

The lexicon is arranged alphabetically with some slight deviations from common vowel order and place in the Greek alphabet (including at each case the homophonous digraphs, e.g. , that had been previously, earlier in the history of Greek, distinct diphthongs or vowels) according to a system (formerly common in many languages) called ''antistoichia'' (); namely the letters follow phonetically in order of sound according the pronunciation of the tenth century, which was similar to that of Modern Greek. The order is:

In addition, double letters are treated as single for the purposes of collation (as gemination had ceased to be distinctive). The system is not difficult to learn and remember, but some editors—for example, Immanuel Bekker – rearranged the ''Suda'' alphabetically.

Background

Little is known about the compiler of the ''Suda''. He probably lived in the second half of the 10th century, because the death of emperor John I Tzimiskes and his succession by Basil II and Constantine VIII are mentioned in the entry under "Adam" which is appended with a brief chronology of the world. At any rate, the work must have appeared by the 12th century, since it is frequently quoted from and alluded to by Eustathius who lived from about 1115 to about 1195–1196. It has also been stated that the work was a collective work, thus not having had a single author, and that the name which it is known under does not refer to a specific person.

The work deals with biblical as well as pagan subjects, from which it is inferred that the writer was a Christian. In any case, it lacks definite guidelines besides some minor interest in religious matters.

The standard printed edition was compiled by Danish classical scholar Ada Adler in the first half of the twentieth century. A modern collaborative English translation, the ''Suda On Line'', was completed on 21 July 2014. Also

The ''Suda'' has a near-contemporaneous Islamic parallel, the '' Kitab al-Fihrist'' of Ibn al-Nadim. Compare also the Latin '' Speculum Maius'', authored in the 13th century by Vincent of Beauvais.

Editions

*
vol. 1vol. 2vol. 3

*
vol. 1 (A–Θ)vol. 2 (Κ–Ψ)vol. 3 (Indices)

*
* Reprinted 1967–71, Stuttgart.

See also

* by Pliny the Elder
* '' Etymologicum Magnum''
* '' Etymologicum Genuinum''
* Hesychius of Alexandria

References

;Citations

;Bibliography

*
* Dickey, Eleanor. ''Ancient Greek Scholarship: a guide to finding, reading, and understanding scholia, commentaries, lexica, and grammatical treatises, from their beginnings to the Byzantine period.'' Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. .
*

External links

Index of the Suda on line

''Suda'' On Line
An on-line edition of the Greek (the Ada Adler edition) with full English translations and commentary.
Suda lexicon
at the Online Books Page
Suda lexicon in Greek

{{Authority control

10th-century encyclopedias
10th century in the Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Greek encyclopedias
Collaborative non-fiction books