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List Of Parties In The Ottoman Empire
Many political party, political parties were founded in the Ottoman Empire after the Young Turk Revolution. Most did not compete in elections, instead being splinters of previously existing parties. Ethnic and Islamist parties were officially banned after 1909, though Armenian political parties remained legal until 1915. While the Second Constitutional Era basically ended after 1912, new parties were founded during the Turkish War of Independence#The Armistice Era, Armistice Era and up until the end of the Ottoman monarchy. Parties Second Constitutional Era parties (1908–1912) * Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) ''– İttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti/Fırkası (İTC/F''). Originally a secret revolutionary (though imperialist) organization founded in 1889 and later a party by 1909, it organized the Young Turk Revolution which began the Second Constitutional Era. The most powerful Young Turks, Young Turk faction before and after the revolution, it espoused centralism and secul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Political Party
A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular area's elections. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific political ideology, ideological or policy goals. Political parties have become a major part of the politics of almost every country, as modern party organizations developed and spread around the world over the last few centuries. Although List of countries without political parties, some countries have no political parties, this is extremely rare. Most countries have Multi-party system, several parties while others One-party state, only have one. Parties are important in the politics of autocracies as well as democracies, though usually Democracy, democracies have more political parties than autocracies. Autocracies often have a single party that Government, governs the country, and some political scientists consider competition between two or more parties to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Millet (Ottoman Empire)
In the Ottoman Empire, a ''millet'' (; ) was an independent court of law pertaining to "personal law" under which a confessional community (a group abiding by the laws of Muslim sharia, Christian canon law, or Jewish halakha) was allowed to rule itself under its own laws. Despite frequently being referred to as a "system", before the nineteenth century the organization of what are now retrospectively called millets in the Ottoman Empire was not at all systematic. Rather, non-Muslims were simply given a significant degree of autonomy within their own community, without an overarching structure for the ''millet'' as a whole. The notion of distinct ''millets'' corresponding to different religious communities within the empire would not emerge until the eighteenth century. Subsequently, the ''millet'' system was justified through numerous foundation myths linking it back to the time of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror (r. 1451–81), although it is now understood that no such system exis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Socialist Party
The Ottoman Socialist Party (, OSF) was the first Turkish socialism, socialist political party, founded in the Ottoman Empire in 1910. History Before the formation of the party, socialist parties or groupings only existed among the Ottoman Empire's minorities, the Thessaloniki, Selanik predominantly Jewish Socialist Workers' Federation and Bulgarians, Bulgarian left-wing party called People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section), as well as to some Bulgarian ''Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers' Party (Narrow Socialists), narrow socialists'', who worked there. On the other hand, there were the Istanbul Greek Socialist Center, the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. As Ezel Kural Shaw has written in her ''History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey'', the Ottoman Socialist Party "gained its main support from the Armenian and Bulgarian groups in the Parliament". The Ottoman Socialist Party was actually not a real political party in the mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Åžerif Pasha
Mehmed Şerif Pasha (1865 – 22 December 1951), a founding member of Kurd Society for Cooperation and Progress and representative of the Society for the Elevation of Kurdistan to the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920). He was a leading Kurdish nationalist. Family He was the son of Said Pasha Kurd, nephew of Kurd Ahmet Izzet Pasha and Mustafa Yamulki, brother of Kurd Fuad Pasha and brother in law of Said Halim Pasha, and cousin of Abdul Aziz Yamulki. He was descended from a noble Kurdish family of the Emirate of Baban. Early life and career Sherif Pasha was the Ottoman Ambassador to Stockholm between 1898 and 1908 and the second documented Kurd in Sweden, Sherif Pasha lived in Sweden for ten years. The first documented Kurd in Sweden was the physician Mirza Seid from east Kurdistan (Iran) who came 1893. Young Turk Revolution Before 1908 Sherif Pasha was a supporter of the Young Turk movement and provided economic support to Ahmed Riza, a young Turk leader in Par ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
31 March Incident
The 31 March incident () was an uprising in the Ottoman Empire in April 1909, during the Second Constitutional Era. The incident broke out during the night of 30–31 Mart 1325 in Rumi calendar ( GC 12–13 April 1909), thus named after 31 March where March is the equivalent to Rumi month Mart. Occurring soon after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, in which the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) had successfully restored the Constitution and ended the absolute rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (), it is sometimes referred to as an attempted countercoup or counterrevolution. It consisted of a general uprising against the CUP within Istanbul, largely led by reactionary groups, particularly Islamists opposed to the secularising influence of the CUP and supporters of absolutism, although liberal opponents of the CUP within the Liberty Party also played a lesser role. Eleven days later the uprising was suppressed and the former government restored when elements of the Ottoman Army ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DerviÅŸ Vahdeti
Derviş Vahdeti (1870 – 19 July 1909) was a Cypriot-born religious figure and Islamist politician. He was the leading figure of 31 March incident. He was executed on 19 July 1909 due to his role in the incident. Biography Vahdeti was born in Cyprus in 1870. He was educated at a missionary school where he might first be familiar with the anti-semitic views supported by the British. He worked as a hafiz in Cyprus and joined the Naqshbandi order or the Bektaşi order. In 1902 he settled in Constantinople where he began to work as a public servant. After a while he was exiled to Diyarbakır and soon returned to Constantinople. He attempted to continue to work in his former post, but he was not given the post. He established a daily newspaper entitled '' Volkan'' in 1908 for which he asked for financial support from Sultan Abdulhamid. However, his request was not accepted by the Sultan. He headed an Islamist movement, Muhammadan Union (Ittihad-i Muhammadi in Ottoman Turkish), whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islamism
Islamism is a range of religious and political ideological movements that believe that Islam should influence political systems. Its proponents believe Islam is innately political, and that Islam as a political system is superior to communism, liberal democracy, capitalism, and other alternatives in achieving a just, successful society. The advocates of Islamism, also known as "al-Islamiyyun", are usually affiliated with Islamic institutions or social mobilization movements, emphasizing the implementation of '' sharia'', pan-Islamic political unity, and the creation of Islamic states. In its original formulation, Islamism described an ideology seeking to revive Islam to its past assertiveness and glory, purifying it of foreign elements, reasserting its role into "social and political as well as personal life"; and in particular "reordering government and society in accordance with laws prescribed by Islam" (i.e. Sharia). According to at least one observer (author Robin Wr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freedom And Accord Party
The Freedom and Accord Party (, French: ''Entente Libérale'') was a liberal Ottoman political party active between 1911–1913 and 1918–1919, during the Second Constitutional Era. It was the most significant opposition to Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). The political programme of the party advocated for Ottomanism, government decentralisation, the rights of ethnic minorities, and close relations with Britain. In the post-1918 Ottoman Empire, the party became known for its attempts to suppress and prosecute the CUP. In both of its periods of existence, the party struggled with internal divisions among its diverse factions, resulting in a disorganized opposition to the CUP. Name The Freedom and Accord Party () is sometimes conflated with its predecessor, the Liberty Party, and the two organizations are often known collectively as the Liberal Union or the Liberal Entente. In the Ottoman Empire, its members were known as ''İtilâfçılar'' or Itilafists, who were oppo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdullah Cevdet
Abdullah Cevdet Bey (9 September 1869 – 29 November 1932) was a Young Turk intellectual and physician of Kurdish origin. He was one of the founders of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) and wrote articles with pen name of "Bir Kürd" ("A Kurd") for the publications such as '' Meşveret'', ''Kurdistan'' and '' Roji Kurd'' about the East–West dichotomy and Kurdish awakening and nationalism. In his personal publication '' İctihad'' he pushed for the westernization of society, feminism, workers rights, liberty, science, secularism, and social liberalism. He was an ideologue of the CUP until 1902, when he became an opponent of the organization he founded as it embraced Turkish nationalism. In 1908, he established the Democratic Party, which merged with the Freedom and Accord Party in 1911. He was briefly active in support of Kurdish independence in the early 1920s. Cevdet's literary career was defined by his antagonistic relationship with religious conservatives and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibrahim Temo
Ibrahim Starova, also Ibrahim Bërzeshta (born ''Ibrahim Ethem Sojliu''; 22 March 1865 – 5 August 1945), better known as Ibrahim Temo, was an Ottoman-Albanian politician, revolutionary, intellectual, and a medical doctor by profession. Temo was the original founder of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). Early life Temo was born in Struga to a family with origins from Starovë (now Buçimas), Albania, with ancestors that served as soldiers for the Ottoman Empire and later migrated to his birthplace. He was married to a sister of the Frashëri brothers ( Abdyl, Naim and Sami). Founding the CUP In 1879 during the League of Prizren period, Temo was a founder of the Society for the Publication of Albanian Letters (). Temo, along with Mehmed Reshid, İshak Sükuti and Abdullah Cevdet where students enrolled at the Military Medical School and in 1889 they founded a progressive secret society called ''Ittihad-ı Osmani Cemiyeti''. The goals of the group were devoted toward ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
31 March Incident
The 31 March incident () was an uprising in the Ottoman Empire in April 1909, during the Second Constitutional Era. The incident broke out during the night of 30–31 Mart 1325 in Rumi calendar ( GC 12–13 April 1909), thus named after 31 March where March is the equivalent to Rumi month Mart. Occurring soon after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, in which the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) had successfully restored the Constitution and ended the absolute rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (), it is sometimes referred to as an attempted countercoup or counterrevolution. It consisted of a general uprising against the CUP within Istanbul, largely led by reactionary groups, particularly Islamists opposed to the secularising influence of the CUP and supporters of absolutism, although liberal opponents of the CUP within the Liberty Party also played a lesser role. Eleven days later the uprising was suppressed and the former government restored when elements of the Ottoman Army ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kâmil Pasha
Mehmed Kâmil Pasha (; , "Mehmed Kâmil Pasha the Cypriot"), also spelled as Kâmil Pasha (1833 – 14 November 1913), was an Ottoman Anglophile statesman and liberal politician of Turkish Cypriot origin in the late-19th-century and early-20th-century. He was the Grand Vizier of the Empire during four different periods.İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971 (Turkish) Early life Mehmed Kâmil Pasha was born in Nicosia, Ottoman Cyprus in 1833. He was the son of an artillery captain, Salih Agha, from the village of Pyrogi. His paternal grandfather is from Karakese village of Anamur. Kâmil's mother is Pembe Hanım, who also hailed from Cyprus. He was educated in on the island until the age of thirteen; He learned Arabic, Persian, French and Greek. In 1845, he was taken to Egypt with his younger brother and studied at Elsine Madrasa. Shortly after, when the madrasah was converted into a military academy, he took courses on mili ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
