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List Of Computing And IT Abbreviations
This is a list of computing and IT acronyms, initialisms and abbreviations. 0–9 * 1GL—first-generation programming language * 1NF—first normal form * 10B2—10BASE-2 * 10B5—10BASE-5 * 10B-F—10BASE-F * 10B-FB—10BASE-FB * 10B-FL—10BASE-FL * 10B-FP—10BASE-FP * 10B-T—10BASE-T * 100B-FX—100BASE-FX * 100B-TX—100BASE-TX * 100BVG—100BASE-VG * 286—Intel 80286 processor * 2B1Q—2 binary 1 quaternary * 2FA—Two-factor authentication * 2GL—second-generation programming language * 2NF—second normal form * 3GL—third-generation programming language * 3GPP—3rd Generation Partnership Project – 3G comms * 3GPP2—3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 * 3NF—third normal form * 386—Intel 80386 processor * 486—Intel 80486 processor * 4B5BLF—4-bit 5-bit local fiber * 4GL—fourth-generation programming language * 4NF—fourth normal form * 5GL—fifth-generation programming language * 5NF—fifth normal form * 6NF—sixth normal fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First-generation Programming Language
A first-generation programming language (1GL) is a machine-level programming language and belongs to the low-level programming languages. A first generation (programming) language (1GL) is a grouping of programming languages that are machine level languages used to program first-generation computers. Originally, no translator was used to compile or assemble the first-generation language. The first-generation programming instructions were entered through the front panel switches of the computer system. The instructions in 1GL are made of binary numbers, represented by 1s and 0s. This makes the language suitable for the understanding of the machine but far more difficult to interpret and learn by the human programmer. The main advantage of programming in 1GL is that the code can run very fast and very efficiently, precisely because the instructions are executed directly by the central processing unit (CPU). One of the main disadvantages of programming in a low level languag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Third-generation Programming Language
A third-generation programming language (3GL) is a high-level programming language, high-level computer programming language that tends to be more machine-independent and programmer-friendly than the machine code of the First-generation programming language, first-generation and assembly languages of the Second-generation programming language, second-generation, while having a less specific focus to the Fourth-generation programming language, fourth and Fifth-generation programming language, fifth generations. Examples of common and historical third-generation programming languages are ALGOL, BASIC, C (programming language), C, COBOL, Fortran, Java (programming language), Java, and Pascal (programming language), Pascal. Characteristics 3GLs are much more machine-independent and more programmer-friendly. This includes features like improved support for aggregate data types, and expressing concepts in a way that favors the programmer, not the computer. A third generation language imp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ATM Adaptation Layer
The use of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology and services creates the need for an adaptation layer in order to support information transfer protocols, which are not based on ATM. This adaptation layer defines how to segment higher-layer packets into cells and the reassembly of these packets. Additionally, it defines how to handle various transmission aspects in the ATM layer. Examples of services that need adaptations are Gigabit Ethernet, IP, Frame Relay, SONET/ SDH, UMTS/Wireless, etc. The main services provided by AAL (ATM Adaptation Layer) are: *Segmentation and reassembly *Handling of transmission errors *Handling of lost and misinserted cell conditions *Timing and flow control The following ATM Adaptation Layer protocols (AALs) have been defined by the ITU-T. It is meant that these AALs will meet a variety of needs. The classification is based on whether a timing relationship must be maintained between source and destination, whether the application requires ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Advanced Audio Coding
Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) is an audio coding standard for lossy digital audio compression. It was developed by Dolby, AT&T, Fraunhofer and Sony, originally as part of the MPEG-2 specification but later improved under MPEG-4.ISO (2006ISO/IEC 13818-7:2006 – Information technology — Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information — Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), Retrieved on 2009-08-06ISO (2006, Retrieved on 2009-08-06 AAC was designed to be the successor of the MP3 format (MPEG-2 Audio Layer III) and generally achieves higher sound quality than MP3 at the same bit rate. AAC encoded audio files are typically packaged in an MP4 container most commonly using the filename extension .m4a. The basic profile of AAC (both MPEG-4 and MPEG-2) is called AAC-LC (''Low Complexity''). It is widely supported in the industry and has been adopted as the default or standard audio format on products including Apple's iTunes Store, Nintendo's Wii, DSi and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minimum Bounding Box
In geometry, the minimum bounding box or smallest bounding box (also known as the minimum enclosing box or smallest enclosing box) for a point set in dimensions is the box with the smallest measure (area, volume, or hypervolume in higher dimensions) within which all the points lie. When other kinds of measure are used, the minimum box is usually called accordingly, e.g., "minimum-perimeter bounding box". The minimum bounding box of a point set is the same as the minimum bounding box of its convex hull, a fact which may be used heuristically to speed up computation. In the two-dimensional case it is called the ''minimum bounding rectangle''. Axis-aligned minimum bounding box The axis-aligned minimum bounding box (or AABB) for a given point set is its minimum bounding box subject to the constraint that the edges of the box are parallel to the (Cartesian) coordinate axes. It is the Cartesian product of ''N'' intervals each of which is defined by the minimal and maximal value o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AAA Protocol
Authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) is a framework used to control and track access within a computer network. Authentication is concerned with proving identity, authorization with granting permissions, accounting with maintaining a continuous and robust audit trail via logging. Common network protocols providing this functionality include TACACS+, RADIUS,C. Rigney, S. Willens, A. Rubens, W. Simpson, "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", IETF RFC 2865, June 2000. and Diameter.P. Calhoun, J. Loughney, E. Guttman, G. Zorn, J. Arkko, "Diameter Base Protocol", IETF RFC 3588, September 2003.Sasu Tarkoma, "Mobile Middleware: Architecture, Patterns and Practice", John Wiley and Sons, 2009, pp. 248–251. . Disambiguation In some related but distinct contexts, the term AAA has been used to refer to protocol-specific information. For example, Diameter uses the URI scheme AAA, which also stands for "Authentication, Authorization and Accounting", as well ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
A11Y
Computer accessibility refers to the accessibility of a computer system to all people, regardless of disability type or severity of impairment. The term ''accessibility'' is most often used in reference to specialized hardware or software, or a combination of both, designed to enable the use of a computer by a person with a disability or impairment. Accessibility features Accessibility features are meant to make the use of technology less challenging for those with disabilities. Common accessibility features include text-to-speech, closed-captioning, and keyboard shortcuts. More specific technologies that need additional hardware are referred to as assistive technology. There are many disabilities or impairments that can be a barrier to effective computer use. Some of these impairments, which can be acquired from disease, trauma, or congenital disorders, include: *Cognitive impairments (head injury, autism, developmental disabilities) and learning disabilities, (such as dyslexi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
8b/10b Encoding
In telecommunications, 8b/10b is a line code that maps 8-bit words to 10-bit symbols to achieve DC balance and bounded disparity, and at the same time provide enough state changes to allow reasonable clock recovery. This means that the difference between the counts of ones and zeros in a string of ''at least'' 20 bits is no more than two, and that there are not more than five ones or zeros in a row. This helps to reduce the demand for the lower bandwidth limit of the channel necessary to transfer the signal. An 8b/10b code can be implemented in various ways with focus on different performance parameters. One implementation was designed by K. Odaka for the DAT digital audio recorder. Kees Schouhamer Immink designed an 8b/10b code for the DCC audio recorder. The IBM implementation was described in 1983 by Al Widmer and Peter Franaszek. IBM implementation As the scheme name suggests, eight bits of data are transmitted as a 10-bit entity called a ''symbol'', or ''charac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fifth-generation Programming Language
A fifth-generation programming language (5GL) is a high-level programming language based on problem-solving using constraints given to the program, rather than using an algorithm written by a programmer. Most constraint-based and logic programming languages and some other declarative languages are fifth-generation languages. History While fourth-generation programming languages are designed to build specific programs, fifth-generation languages are designed to make the computer solve a given problem without the programmer. This way, the user only needs to worry about what problems need to be solved and what conditions need to be met, without worrying about how to implement a routine or algorithm to solve them. Fifth-generation languages are used mainly in artificial intelligence research. OPS5 and Mercury are examples of fifth-generation languages,E. Balagurusamy, ''Fundamentals of Computers'', Mcgraw Hill Education (India), 2009, , p. 340 as is ICAD, which was built upon Li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fourth-generation Programming Language
A fourth-generation programming language (4GL) is a high-level programming language, high-level computer programming language that belongs to a class of languages envisioned as an advancement upon third-generation programming languages (3GL). Each of the programming language generations aims to provide a higher level of Abstraction layer, abstraction of the internal computer hardware details, making the language more programmer-friendly, powerful, and versatile. While the definition of 4GL has changed over time, it can be typified by operating more with large collections of information at once rather than focusing on just bits and bytes. Languages claimed to be 4GL may include support for database management, Report generator, report generation, mathematical optimization, graphical user interface (GUI) Graphical user interface builder, development, or web development. Some researchers state that 4GLs are a subset of domain-specific languages. The concept of 4GL was developed from th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4B5B
In telecommunications, 4B5B is a form of data communications line code. 4B5B maps groups of 4 bits of data onto groups of 5 bits for transmission. These 5-bit words are predetermined in a dictionary and they are chosen to ensure that there will be sufficient transitions in the line state to produce a self-clocking signal. A collateral effect of the code is that 25% more bits are needed to send the same information. An alternative to using 4B5B coding is to use a scrambler. Some systems use scramblers in conjunction with 4B5B coding to assure DC balance and improve electromagnetic compatibility. Depending on the standard or specification of interest, there may be several 5-bit output codes left unused. The presence of any of the unused codes in the data stream can be used as an indication that there is a fault somewhere in the link. Therefore, the unused codes can be used to detect errors in the data stream. Applications 4B5B was popularized by Fiber Distributed Data Int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intel I486
The Intel 486, officially named i486 and also known as 80486, is a microprocessor introduced in 1989. It is a higher-performance follow-up to the Intel 386. It represents the fourth generation of binary compatible CPUs following the 8086 of 1978, the Intel 80286 of 1982, and 1985's i386. It was the first tightly- pipelined x86 design as well as the first x86 chip to include more than one million transistors. It offered a large on-chip cache and an integrated floating-point unit. When it was announced, the initial performance was originally published between 15 and 20 VAX MIPS, between 37,000 and 49,000 dhrystones per second, and between 6.1 and 8.2 double-precision megawhetstones per second for both 25 and 33 MHz version. A typical 50 MHz i486 executes 41 million instructions per second Dhrystone MIPS and SPEC integer rating of 27.9.Chen, Allan, "The 50-MHz Intel486 Microprocessor", Intel Corporation, Microcomputer Solutions, September/October 1991, page 2. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
