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List Of Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Codes
An atmospheric radiative transfer model, code, or simulator calculates radiative transfer of electromagnetic radiation through a planetary atmosphere. Methods At the core of a radiative transfer model lies the radiative transfer equation that is numerically solved using a solver such as a discrete ordinate method or a Monte Carlo method. The radiative transfer equation is a monochromatic equation to calculate radiance in a single layer of the Earth's atmosphere. To calculate the radiance for a spectral region with a finite width (e.g., to estimate the Earth's energy budget or simulate an instrument response), one has to integrate this over a band of frequencies (or wavelengths). The most exact way to do this is to loop through the frequencies of interest, and for each frequency, calculate the radiance at this frequency. For this, one needs to calculate the contribution of each spectral line for all molecules in the atmospheric layer; this is called a ''line-by-line'' calculatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radiative Transfer
Radiative transfer (also called radiation transport) is the physical phenomenon of energy transfer in the form of electromagnetic radiation. The propagation of radiation through a medium is affected by absorption, emission, and scattering processes. The equation of radiative transfer describes these interactions mathematically. Equations of radiative transfer have application in a wide variety of subjects including optics, astrophysics, atmospheric science, and remote sensing. Analytic solutions to the radiative transfer equation (RTE) exist for simple cases but for more realistic media, with complex multiple scattering effects, numerical methods are required. The present article is largely focused on the condition of radiative equilibrium. Definitions The fundamental quantity that describes a field of radiation is called spectral radiance in radiometric terms (in other fields it is often called specific intensity). For a very small area element in the radiation field, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Renewable Energy
Renewable energy (also called green energy) is energy made from renewable resource, renewable natural resources that are replenished on a human lifetime, human timescale. The most widely used renewable energy types are solar energy, wind power, and hydropower. Bioenergy and geothermal power are also significant in some countries. Some also consider Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy, nuclear power a renewable power source, although this is controversial, as nuclear energy requires mining uranium, a nonrenewable resource. Renewable energy installations can be large or small and are suited for both urban and rural areas. Renewable energy is often deployed together with further electrification. This has several benefits: electricity can heat pump, move heat and Electric vehicle, vehicles efficiently and is clean at the point of consumption. Variable renewable energy sources are those that have a fluctuating nature, such as wind power and solar power. In contrast, ''contro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buehler2018
Buhler, Buehler, or Bühler may refer to: * Bühler, a town in the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Switzerland ** Bühler railway station, a station of Appenzell Railways in Bühler * Bühler (river), in Baden-Württemberg, Germany * Buhler (surname) * Buhler, Kansas, United States * Bühler Group, a Swiss plant equipment manufacturer * Buhler Industries, a Canadian farm equipment manufacturer * Buehler Foods Buehler Foods, Inc., was an American grocery store chain based in Jasper, Indiana. Buehler Foods was founded in 1940 by Gabe and Marge Buehler in Jasper, Indiana. The Buehlers operated a single store, but the company eventually grew to own a to ..., a grocery store chain in Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky * Buehler's, a grocery store chain in northeastern Ohio, USA See also * * Bueler (other) * Buhle {{disambiguation, geo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eriksson2011
Eriksson is a common Swedish patronymic surname meaning "son of Erik", itself an Old Norse given name. There are other spelling variations of this surname (123 228 people in Sweden) such as Erikson (419), Ericson (3 442), Ericsson (5 730) and Erixon (55). Erikson is uncommon as a given name. Notable people with the surname include: * Amalia Eriksson (1824–1923), Swedish businesswoman * Anders Eriksson, born 1975, Swedish ice hockey player * Anders Eriksson, born 1985, Swedish ice hockey player * Åsa Eriksson (born 1972), Swedish politician * Charlotta Eriksson (1794–1862), Swedish actress * Clas Eriksson, Swedish ice hockey player * Dan-Ola Eriksson (born 1963), Swedish curler * Erik Homburger Erikson (1902–1994), developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst * Felix Eriksson (ice hockey) (born 1992), Swedish professional ice hockey player * Fredrik Eriksson, Swedish ice hockey player * Harry Eriksson (1892–1957), Swedish diplomat * Håkan Eriksson, Swedish ice ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ARTS (radiative Transfer Code)
ARTS (Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator) is a widely used atmospheric radiative transfer simulator for infrared, microwave, and sub-millimeter wavelengths. While the model is developed by a community, core development is done by the University of Hamburg and Chalmers University, with previous participation from Luleå University of Technology and University of Bremen. Whereas most radiative transfer models are developed for a specific instrument, ARTS is one of few models that aims to be generically applicable. It is designed from basic physical principles and has been used in a wide range of situations. It supports fully polarised radiative transfer calculations in clear-sky or cloudy conditions in 1-D, 2-D, or 3-D geometries, including the calculations of Jacobians. Cloudy simulations support liquid and ice clouds with particles of varying sizes and shapes and supports multiple-scattering simulations. Absorption is calculated line-by-line, with continua or using a looku ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
6S (radiative Transfer Code)
{{No footnotes, date=December 2008 6SV1 (Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum, Vector, version 1) is an advanced radiative transfer code designed to simulate the reflection of solar radiation by a coupled atmosphere-surface system for a wide range of atmospheric, spectral and geometrical conditions. It belongs to the group of procedures called Atmospheric correction for the process of removing the effects of the atmosphere on the reflectance values of images taken by satellite or airborne sensors. The code operates on the basis of an SOS (successive orders of scattering) method and accounts for the polarization of radiation in the atmosphere through the calculation of the Q and U components of the Stokes vector. It is a basic code for the calculation of look-up tables in the MODIS atmospheric correction algorithm. See also * List of atmospheric radiative transfer codes References * S.Y. Kotchenova, E.F. Vermote, R. Matarrese, & F.J. Klemm, Jr., Validatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4A/OP
4A/OP or, Automatized Atmospheric Absorption Atlas, is an operational fast and accurate radiative transfer model for the infrared. 4A/OP is a user-friendly software for various scientific applications (surface, balloon or space-based observations), co-developed by LMD ( Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique) and NOVELTIS with the support of CNES (the French Space Agency). NOVELTIS is in charge of the industrialization and the distribution of the LMD 4A radiative transfer model. 4A allows fast and accurate computation of transmittance and radiance, owing to the use of a comprehensive database (atlases) of monochromatic optical thicknesses for up to 43 atmospheric molecular species. Precomputed once and for all, the atlases are created by using the line-by-line and layer-by-layer model, STRANSAC, with up to date physics. Owing to the computation of Jacobians (partial derivatives of the radiance with respect to atmospheric variables), the 4A model can be easily coupled with an inver ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parametrization (climate)
Parametrization (or parameterization) in an atmospheric model (either weather model or climate model) is a method of replacing processes that are too small-scale or complex to be physically represented in the model by a simplified process. This can be contrasted with other processes—e.g., large-scale flow of the atmosphere—that are explicitly resolved within the models. Associated with these parametrizations are various ''parameters'' used in the simplified processes. Examples include the descent rate of raindrops, convective clouds, simplifications of the atmospheric radiative transfer on the basis of atmospheric radiative transfer codes, and cloud microphysics. Radiative parametrizations are important to both atmospheric and oceanic modeling alike. Atmospheric emissions from different sources within individual grid boxes also need to be parametrized to determine their impact on air quality. Clouds Weather and climate model gridboxes have sides of between and . A typical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clouds
In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol consisting of a visible mass of miniature liquid droplets, frozen crystals, or other particles, suspended in the atmosphere of a planetary body or similar space. Water or various other chemicals may compose the droplets and crystals. On Earth, clouds are formed as a result of saturation of the air when it is cooled to its dew point, or when it gains sufficient moisture (usually in the form of water vapor) from an adjacent source to raise the dew point to the ambient temperature. Clouds are seen in the Earth's homosphere, which includes the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. Nephology is the science of clouds, which is undertaken in the cloud physics branch of meteorology. The World Meteorological Organization uses two methods of naming clouds in their respective layers of the homosphere, Latin and common name. Genus types in the troposphere, the atmospheric layer closest to Earth's surface, have Latin names because of the u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aerosols
An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas. Aerosols can be generated from natural or human causes. The term ''aerosol'' commonly refers to the mixture of particulates in air, and not to the particulate matter alone. Examples of natural aerosols are fog, mist or dust. Examples of human caused aerosols include particulate air pollutants, mist from the discharge at hydroelectric dams, irrigation mist, perfume from atomizers, smoke, dust, sprayed pesticides, and medical treatments for respiratory illnesses. Several types of atmospheric aerosol have a significant effect on Earth's climate: volcanic, desert dust, sea-salt, that originating from biogenic sources and human-made. Volcanic aerosol forms in the stratosphere after an eruption as droplets of sulfuric acid that can prevail for up to two years, and reflect sunlight, lowering temperature. Desert dust, mineral particles blown to high altitudes, absorb heat and may ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
