|
Liphistiidae
The spider family Liphistiidae was first recognized by Tamerlan Thorell in 1869. When narrowly circumscribed, it comprises a single genus '' Liphistius'', native to Southeast Asia; , this was the circumscription accepted by the World Spider Catalog. The family contains the most basal living spiders, belonging to the suborder Mesothelae. The family has also been circumscribed more broadly to include the family Heptathelidae as a subfamily, Heptathelinae, with the narrowly circumscribed Liphistiidae becoming the subfamily Liphistiinae. Taxonomy The family Liphistiidae was erected by Tamerlan Thorell in 1869 for the genus ''Liphistius''. Initially, it was the only family placed in the suborder Mesothelae. In 1923, Kyukichi Kishida described a new genus, '' Heptathela'', and suggested creating two tribes within the Liphistiidae corresponding to the genera ''Liphistius'' and ''Heptathela''. In 1939, Alexander Petrunkevitch raised the tribe Heptatheleae to a separate family, Heptathe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spider
Spiders (order (biology), order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight limbs, chelicerae with fangs generally able to inject venom, and spinnerets that extrude spider silk, silk. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all Order (biology), orders of organisms. Spiders are found worldwide on every continent except Antarctica, and have become established in nearly every land habitat. , 53,034 spider species in 136 Family (biology), families have been recorded by Taxonomy (biology), taxonomists. However, there has been debate among scientists about how families should be classified, with over 20 different classifications proposed since 1900. Anatomy, Anatomically, spiders (as with all arachnids) differ from other arthropods in that the usual body segmentation (biology), segments are fused into two Tagma (biology), tagmata, the cephalothorax or prosoma, and the opisthosoma, or abdomen, and joined by a small, cylindr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mesothelae
The Mesothelae are a suborder of spiders (order Araneae). , two extant families were accepted by the World Spider Catalog, Liphistiidae and Heptathelidae. Alternatively, the Heptathelidae can be treated as a subfamily of a more broadly circumscribed Liphistiidae. There are also a number of extinct families. This suborder is thought to form the sister group to all other living spiders, and to retain ancestral characters, such as a segmented abdomen with spinnerets in the middle and two pairs of book lungs. Extant members of the Mesothelae are medium to large spiders with eight eyes grouped on a tubercle. They are found only in China, Japan, and southeast Asia. The oldest known Mesothelae spiders are from the Carboniferous, over 300 million years ago. Taxonomy Reginald Innes Pocock in 1892 was the first to realize that the exceptional characters of the genus '' Liphistius'' (the only member of the group then known) meant that it was more different from the remaining spiders th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heptathelidae
Heptathelidae is a family of spiders. It has been sunk within the family Liphistiidae as the subfamily Heptathelinae, but was accepted by the World Spider Catalog. It is placed in suborder Mesothelae, which contains the most basal living spiders. Taxonomy The group was first proposed by Kyukichi Kishida in 1923, when he described a new genus, '' Heptathela'', and suggested creating two tribes within the family Liphistiidae, with ''Heptathela'' placed in Heptatheleae. In 1939, Alexander Petrunkevitch raised the tribe Heptatheleae to a separate family, Heptathelidae. In 1985, Robert Raven reunited the two families, a view supported by Breitling in 2022. Other authors have maintained two separate families, a position accepted by the World Spider Catalog . Phylogeny Molecular phylogenetic studies have repeatedly shown that the family is monophyletic. One possible relationship between the genera is shown in the following Bayesian cladogram (numbers in parentheses give the number of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liphistius Malayanus
''Liphistius'' is a genus of basal trapdoor spiders in the family Liphistiidae. They are found in Japan, China, and Southeast Asia. Taxonomy The genus ''Liphistius'' was erected by Jørgen M. C. Schiødte in 1849. Schiødte spelt the name ''Lipistius''; this was corrected to ''Liphistius'' by Tamerlan Thorell in 1869, a change endorsed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in 1970. ''Liphistius'' is from Greek , ('lack') and , ('web' in this context). Biology Female body lengths range from ; males are slightly smaller. They live in burrows in earthen banks, on some cave walls, and probably in forests. The burrow is sealed with a thin, circular, woven door, which is disguised with soil and moss. While they spend the day deep inside their burrows, at night they wait just below the door for insects, woodlice, and similar invertebrates that stumble over one of the seven silken threads that radiate from the entrance. With a reluctance to leave their burrows, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liphistius (10
''Liphistius'' is a genus of basal trapdoor spiders in the family Liphistiidae. They are found in Japan, China, and Southeast Asia. Taxonomy The genus ''Liphistius'' was erected by Jørgen M. C. Schiødte in 1849. Schiødte spelt the name ''Lipistius''; this was corrected to ''Liphistius'' by Tamerlan Thorell in 1869, a change endorsed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in 1970. ''Liphistius'' is from Greek , ('lack') and , ('web' in this context). Biology Female body lengths range from ; males are slightly smaller. They live in burrows in earthen banks, on some cave walls, and probably in forests. The burrow is sealed with a thin, circular, woven door, which is disguised with soil and moss. While they spend the day deep inside their burrows, at night they wait just below the door for insects, woodlice, and similar invertebrates that stumble over one of the seven silken threads that radiate from the entrance. With a reluctance to leave their burrows, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spider Families
Spider taxonomy is the part of taxonomy that is concerned with the science of naming, defining and classifying all spiders, members of the Araneae order of the arthropod class Arachnida, which has more than 52,700 described species. However, there are likely many species that have escaped the human eye as well as specimens stored in collections waiting to be described and classified. It is estimated that only one-third to one half of the total number of existing species have been described. Arachnologists divide spiders into two suborders with about 136 families . Due to constant research, with new species being discovered every month and others being recognized as synonyms, the number of species in the families is bound to change and only reflects the present state of knowledge. Nevertheless, the species numbers given here are useful as a guideline – see the table of families at the end of the article. History Spider taxonomy can be traced to the work of Swedish naturalist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liphistius
''Liphistius'' is a genus of basal trapdoor spiders in the family Liphistiidae. They are found in Japan, China, and Southeast Asia. Taxonomy The genus ''Liphistius'' was erected by Jørgen M. C. Schiødte in 1849. Schiødte spelt the name ''Lipistius''; this was corrected to ''Liphistius'' by Tamerlan Thorell in 1869, a change endorsed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in 1970. ''Liphistius'' is from Greek , ('lack') and , ('web' in this context). Biology Female body lengths range from ; males are slightly smaller. They live in burrows in earthen banks, on some cave walls, and probably in forests. The burrow is sealed with a thin, circular, woven door, which is disguised with soil and moss. While they spend the day deep inside their burrows, at night they wait just below the door for insects, woodlice, and similar invertebrates that stumble over one of the seven silken threads that radiate from the entrance. With a reluctance to leave their burrows, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heptathela
''Heptathela'' is a genus of spiders that includes the Kimura spider (''Heptathela kimurai''). They are trapdoor spiders of the family Heptathelidae and are found in Japan, including Okinawa and the Ryukyu Islands. Spiders of this genus lack venom glands. Full text at (60 MB) Females are up to 25 mm long, males slightly smaller. Burrows have an oval shaped door which is hinged across the long diameter. Name The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek ''hepta'' "seven", referring to the number of spinneret glands. Species , the World Spider Catalog accepted the following species: *'' Heptathela aha'' Xu, Ono, Kuntner, Liu & Li, 2019 – Ryukyu Is. *'' Heptathela amamiensis'' Haupt, 1983 – Ryukyu Is. *'' Heptathela crypta'' Xu, Ono, Kuntner, Liu & Li, 2019 – Ryukyu Is. *'' Heptathela gayozan'' Xu, Ono, Kuntner, Liu & Li, 2019 – Ryukyu Is. *'' Heptathela helios'' Tanikawa & Miyashita, 2014 (synonym ''H. yaginumai'' Ono, 1998) – Japan *'' Heptathela higoensis' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basal (phylogenetics)
In phylogenetics, basal is the direction of the ''base'' (or root) of a phylogenetic tree#Rooted tree, rooted phylogenetic tree or cladogram. The term may be more strictly applied only to nodes adjacent to the root, or more loosely applied to nodes regarded as being close to the root. Note that extant taxa that lie on branches connecting directly to the root are not more closely related to the root than any other extant taxa. While there must always be two or more equally "basal" clades sprouting from the root of every cladogram, those clades may differ widely in taxonomic rank, Phylogenetic diversity, species diversity, or both. If ''C'' is a basal clade within ''D'' that has the lowest rank of all basal clades within ''D'', ''C'' may be described as ''the'' basal taxon of that rank within ''D''. The concept of a 'key innovation' implies some degree of correlation between evolutionary innovation and cladogenesis, diversification. However, such a correlation does not make a given ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spinneret
A spinneret is a silk-spinning organ of a spider or the larva of an insect. Some adult insects also have spinnerets, such as those borne on the forelegs of Embioptera. Spinnerets are usually on the underside of a spider's opisthosoma, and are typically segmented. While most spiders have six spinnerets, some have two, four, or eight. They can move both independently and in concert. Most spinnerets are not simple structures with a single orifice producing a single thread, but complex structures of many microscopic spigots, each producing one filament. This produces the necessary orientation of the protein molecules, without which the silk would be weak and useless. Spigots can be singular or found in groups, which also permits spiders to combine multiple filaments in different ways to produce many kinds of silk for various purposes. Spinneret morphology can help arachnologists identify the taxon of a specimen and the specific morphology of a spigot can determine its use as wel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
