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Light-A-Fire Movement
The Light-A-Fire Movement (often referred to as the "LAFM", "L-A-F", or "L-A-F Movmement") was a small guerrilla resistance group that fought against the martial law regime of Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines. The group engaged in symbolic acts of sabotage targeting offices and businesses associated with Marcos, aiming to inspire other Filipinos to rise up against his rule. The LAFM is notable for being the first armed anti-Marcos group aligned with the pre-martial law political center, rather than with movements on the extreme left or right. Members of this group spent the early years of martial law, from 1972 to 1978, opposing Marcos through diplomacy and negotiation. However, political suppression and widely recognized election fraud during the 1978 Philippine parliamentary election convinced them that Marcos would never willingly permit the emergence of a genuine, viable political opposition. The group's strategy involved staging small but attention-grabbing explosions and f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Martial Law Under Ferdinand Marcos
At 7:15 p.m. on September 23, 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos announced on television that he had placed the Philippines under martial law, stating he had done so in response to the "communist threat" posed by the newly founded Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), and the sectarian "rebellion" of the Muslim Independence Movement (MIM). Opposition figures of the time (such as Lorenzo Tañada, Jose W. Diokno, and Jovito Salonga) accused Marcos of exaggerating these threats and using them as an excuse to consolidate power and extend his tenure beyond the two presidential terms allowed by the 1935 constitution. Marcos signed Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972, marking the beginning of a fourteen-year period of one-man rule, which effectively lasted until Marcos was exiled from the country on February 25, 1986. Proclamation No. 1081 was formally lifted on January 17, 1981 by Proclamation No. 2045, although Marcos retained essentially all of his powers as dictato ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Rights Abuses Of The Marcos Dictatorship
The dictatorship of 10th Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos in the 1970s and 1980s is historically remembered for its record of human rights abuses, particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against his dictatorship. Based on the documentation of Amnesty International, Task Force Detainees of the Philippines, and similar human rights monitoring entities, historians believe that the Marcos dictatorship was marked by 3,257 known extrajudicial killings, 35,000 documented tortures, 737 ' disappeared', and 70,000 incarcerations. Some 2,520 of the 3,257 murder victims were tortured and mutilated before their bodies were dumped in various places for the public to discover - a tactic meant to sow fear among the public, which came to be known as "salvaging". Some victims were also subjected to cannibalism. Political detention The implementation of Martial Law in September 1972 began with a wave ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asia Institute Of Management
Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilisations. Its 4.7 billion people constitute roughly 60% of the world's population. Asia shares the landmass of Eurasia with Europe, and of Afro-Eurasia with both Europe and Africa. In general terms, it is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean, and on the north by the Arctic Ocean. The border of Asia with Europe is a social constructionism, historical and cultural construct, as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them. A commonly accepted division places Asia to the east of the Suez Canal separating it from Africa; and to the east of the Turkish straits, the Ural Mountains an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ester Paredes Jimenez
Ester Dolores Erquiaga Misa Paredes Jimenez (April 14, 1916 – September 4, 1997) was a Filipina activist best known for her contributions to the resistance against the dictatorship of former Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos. Activism Already a widow when Martial law was declared, Jimenez began providing aid to anti-dictatorship activists when her youngest child decided to drop out of college and join the underground movement against Marcos. She was known as neither ideologue nor political leader, but acting on her conscience, she decided to actively fight the dictatorship by joining other middle class professionals in the urban guerrilla group known as the Light-A-Fire Movement, along with her second husband Othoniel Jimenez. Jimenez, her husband, and other members of the group were caught by Marcos forces in December 1979, although she was released before the other members of the group, in 1981. A military court later sentenced the members of group, including her and he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jimmy Carter
James Earl Carter Jr. (October 1, 1924December 29, 2024) was an American politician and humanitarian who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, Carter served from 1971 to 1975 as the 76th governor of Georgia and from 1963 to 1967 in the Georgia State Senate. He was the List of presidents of the United States by age, longest-lived president in U.S. history and the first to reach the age of 100. Born in Plains, Georgia, Carter graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1946 and joined the submarines in the United States Navy, submarine service before returning to his family's peanut farm. He was active in the civil rights movement, then served as state senator and governor before Jimmy Carter 1976 presidential campaign, running for president in 1976 United States presidential election, 1976. He secured the 1976 Democratic National Convention, Democratic nomination as a dark horse li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moro Islamic Liberation Front
The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF; ) is an Islamist group based in Mindanao, Philippines, which sought an autonomous region of the Moro people from the central government. The group has a presence in the Bangsamoro region of Mindanao, the Sulu Archipelago, Palawan, Basilan, and other neighbouring islands. The armed wing of the group was the Bangsamoro Islamic Armed Forces (BIAF), although the name of its parent organization, the MILF, was often used to refer to the BIAF. In July 2018, the Philippine government passed the Bangsamoro Organic Law, giving more autonomy to Muslims. In return, MILF announced that it would disarm its 30,000 fighters. History Following the Jabidah massacre in 1968, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) was established clandestinely in 1969 by Moro students studying at the University of the Philippines, Egypt, and in the Middle East who sought to create an independent Muslim nation in southern Philippines. The MNLF gained foreign suppo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moro National Liberation Front
The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF; ) is a political organization in the Philippines that was founded in 1972. It started as a splinter group of the Muslim Independence Movement. The MNLF was the organization most active in the Moro conflict for about two decades beginning from the 1970s. In 1996, the MNLF signed a landmark peace agreement with the Philippine government under the administration of President Fidel Ramos that saw the creation of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), an area composed of two mainland provinces and three island provinces in which the predominantly Muslim population enjoys a degree of self-rule. Nur Misuari was installed as the region's governor but his rule ended in violence when he led a failed rebellion against the Philippine government in November 2001, and fled to Sabah before being deported back to the Philippines by the Malaysian authorities. The MNLF is internationally recognized by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moro Conflict
The Moro conflictFernandez, Maria. (2017). Implementing Peace and Development in the Bangsamoro: Potentials and Constraints of Socio-Economic Programs for Conflict-Affected Areas in Southern Philippines (1913-2015). 10.13140/RG.2.2.14829.33763.Steven Rood. “Forging Sustainable Peace in Mindanao: The Role of Civil Society”, Policy Studies 17, Washington: East-West Center, 2005, p.22 was an insurgency in the Mindanao region of the Philippines which involved multiple armed groups. A decades-long peace processStephens, Matthew. “Prospects for Lasting Peace in Mindanao: Peacemaking and Peacebuilding under the Aquino and Duterte Administrations.” Chapter. In From Aquino II to Duterte (2010–2018): Change, Continuity—and Rupture, edited by Imelda Deinla and Bjšrn Dressel, 207–38. Lectures, Workshops, and Proceedings of International Conferences. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute, 2019. has resulted in peace deals between the Philippine government and two major armed groups ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New People's Army
The New People's Army (; abbreviated NPA or BHB) is the armed wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP). It acts as the CPP's principal organization, aiming to consolidate political power from what it sees as the present "bourgeois reactionary puppet government" and to aid in the " people's democratic revolution". Founded on March 29, 1969, by the collaboration of Jose Maria Sison and former members of the Hukbalahap led by Bernabe Buscayno, the NPA has since waged a guerrilla war based on the Maoist strategy of protracted people's war. The NPA is one of the key figures in the ongoing communist rebellion in the Philippines, the longest ongoing conflict in the country. The NPA operates and is based primarily in the Philippine countryside, where the CPP alleges it has established itself in 73 out of the country's 81 provinces, across over 110 guerrilla fronts. In guerrilla zones where the NPA has entrenched itself, the CPP–NPA has established a People's Demo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New People's Army Rebellion
{{Infobox military conflict , conflict = New People's Army rebellion , partof = the Cold War and the civil conflict in the Philippines , image = CPP-NPA-Control-2011-2014.png , caption = Villages with NPA influence in 2011–2014 , date = {{Start date, 1969, 3, 29 – present({{Age in years, months, weeks and days, month=03, day=29, year=1969) , place = Philippines , status = Ongoing {{bulleted list, , NTF-ELCAC implemented , CPP-NPA leadership collapses , Elimination of all major rebel units , Ongoing insurgency by NPA remnants , combatant1 = {{flag decoration, Philippines Government of the PhilippinesSupported by:{{flagu, United States (advisors) , combatant2 = {{flagicon image, Flag of the Communist Party of the Philippines (alternative II).svg Communist Party of the PhilippinesSupported by:{{flagu, China (until 1976) , commander1 = Civilian leaders{{flag decorati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unexplained Wealth Of The Marcos Family
The Marcos family, a political family in the Philippines, owns various assets that Philippine courts have determined to have been acquired through illicit means during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos from 1965–1986.Tiongson-Mayrina, Karen and GMA News Research.September 21, 2017. The Supreme Court's rulings on the Marcoses' ill-gotten wealth. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/specialreports/626576/the-supreme-court-s-rulings-on-the-marcoses-ill-gotten-wealth/story/ These assets are referred to using several terms, including "ill-gotten wealth" and "unexplained wealth," while some authors such as Belinda Aquino and Philippine Senator Jovito Salonga more bluntly refer to it as the "Marcos Plunder". Legally, the Philippine Supreme Court defines this "ill-gotten wealth" as the assets the Marcoses acquired beyond the amount legally declared by Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos in the president's statements of assets and liabilities—which amounts to only about US$13,500.00 from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Extrajudicial Killing
An extrajudicial killing (also known as an extrajudicial execution or an extralegal killing) is the deliberate killing of a person without the lawful authority granted by a judicial proceeding. It typically refers to government authorities, whether lawfully or unlawfully, targeting specific people for death, which in authoritarian regimes often involves political, trade union, dissident, religious and social figures. The term is typically used in situations that imply the human rights of the victims have been violated. Deaths caused by legal police actions (such as self defense) or legal warfighting on a battlefield are generally not included, even though military and police forces are often used for killings seen by critics as illegitimate. The label "extrajudicial killing" has also been applied to organized, lethal enforcement of extralegal social norms by non-government actors, including lynchings and honor killings. United Nations Morris Tidball-Binz was appointed th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
