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Lex Iunia Norbana
In Roman Law, the ''lex Iunia Norbana'' classified all freedmen into two classes according to their mode of enfranchisement: enfranchised citizens, (freedmen who enjoyed Roman citizenship) and enfranchised Latini (freedmen who had only Latin rights). The date of this ''lex'' is uncertain, with arguments for as early as 25 BC or more commonly 17 BC, or as late as AD 19. Freedmen would be granted only Latin rights if the manumission of the slave failed to meet any of the conditions set out by the Lex Aelia Sentia of 4 AD for it to confer Roman citizenship. This provided that for the freedman to acquire Roman citizenship a slave had to be manumitted at the age of 30 or older, the owner had to have quiritary ownership and the ceremony had to be public. For slaves under the age of thirty, the manumission had to be approved by a special council. The manumission of slaves who had been enslaved because of crimes would raise them only to the position of ''dediticii'' (war cap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Law
Roman law is the law, legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables (), to the (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I. Roman law also denoted the legal system applied in most of Western Europe until the end of the 18th century. In Germany, Roman law practice remained in place longer under the Holy Roman Empire (963–1806). Roman law thus served as a basis for Civil law (legal system), legal practice throughout Western continental Europe, as well as in most former colonies of these European nations, including Latin America, and also in Ethiopia. English and Anglo-American common law were influenced also by Roman law, notably in their Latinate legal glossary. Eastern Europe was also influenced by the jurisprudence of the , especially in countries such as medieval Romania, which created a new legal system comprising a mixture of Roman and local law. After the dissolution of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freedman
A freedman or freedwoman is a person who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means. Historically, slaves were freed by manumission (granted freedom by their owners), emancipation (granted freedom as part of a larger group), or self-purchase. A fugitive slave is a person who escaped enslavement by fleeing. Ancient Rome Rome differed from Greek city-states in allowing freed slaves to become plebeian citizens. The act of freeing a slave was called ''manumissio'', from ''manus'', "hand" (in the sense of holding or possessing something), and ''missio'', the act of releasing. After manumission, a slave who had belonged to a Roman citizen enjoyed not only passive freedom from ownership, but active political freedom ''(libertas)'', including the right to vote. A slave who had acquired ''libertas'' was known as a ''libertus'' ("freed person", feminine ''liberta'') in relation to his former master, who was called his or her patron ''( patronus)''. As a social class, fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latin Rights
Latin rights or Latin citizenship ( or ) were a set of legal rights that were originally granted to the Latins and therefore in their colonies ( Latium adiectum). ''Latinitas'' was commonly used by Roman jurists to denote this status. With the Roman expansion in Italy, many settlements and coloniae outside of Latium had Latin rights. All the ''Latini'' of Italy obtained Roman citizenship as a result of three laws which were introduced during the Social War between the Romans and their allies among the Italic peoples (''socii'') which rebelled against Rome. The '' Lex Iulia de Civitate Latinis (et sociis) Danda'' of 90 BC conferred Roman citizenship on all citizens of the Latin towns and the Italic towns who had not rebelled. The ''Lex Plautia Papiria de Civitate Sociis Danda'' of 89 BC granted Roman citizenship to all federated towns in Italy south of the River Po (in northern Italy). The ''Lex Pompeia de Transpadanis'' of 89 BC granted the ''ius Latii'' to the communities ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manumission
Manumission, or enfranchisement, is the act of freeing slaves by their owners. Different approaches to manumission were developed, each specific to the time and place of a particular society. Historian Verene Shepherd states that the most widely used term is gratuitous manumission, "the conferment of freedom on the enslaved by enslavers before the end of the slave system". The motivations for manumission were complex and varied. Firstly, it may present itself as a sentimental and benevolent gesture. One typical scenario was the freeing in the master's will (law), will of a devoted servant after long years of service. A trusted bailiff might be manumitted as a gesture of gratitude. For those working as agricultural labourers or in workshops, there was little likelihood of being so noticed. In general, it was more common for older slaves to be given freedom. Legislation under the early Roman Empire put limits on the number of slaves that could be freed in wills (''lex Fufia Ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lex Aelia Sentia
The ''Lex Aelia Sentia'' was a law established in the Roman Empire in 4 AD. It was one of the laws that the Roman assemblies passed at the behest of the emperor Augustus. Along with the ''Lex Fufia Caninia'' of 2 BC, this law regulated the manumission (freeing from ownership) of slaves. This law had several provisions. For a manumission to be valid, the owner had to be at least twenty years old, and the slave at least thirty. Slaves whose masters had punished them for criminal acts could not become Roman citizens if they were later freed, as was customary for formally manumitted slaves in the Republican era; instead, they would be counted among the ''dediticii'', who were free subjects of Roman who held neither the rights of Roman ''cives'' nor Latin rights. If a manumitted slave was under age thirty, he could only achieve full citizenship after a legal proceeding (''consilia'') similar to a family law trial. These legal proceedings were to be held at pre-determined times in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dediticii
In ancient Rome, the ''dediticii'' or '' peregrini dediticii'' () were a class of free provincials who were neither slaves nor citizens holding either full Roman citizenship as ''cives'' or Latin rights as '' Latini''. A conquered people who were ''dediticii'' did not individually lose their freedom, but the political existence of their community was dissolved as the result of a '' deditio'', an unconditional surrender. In effect, their polity or ''civitas'' ceased to exist. Their territory became the property of Rome, public land on which they then lived as tenants. Sometimes, this loss was a temporary measure, almost a trial period to see whether the peace held, while the people were being incorporated into Roman governance; territorial rights for the people or property rights for individuals might then be restored by a decree of the senate ''(senatus consultum)'' once relations were perceived as having stabilized. In the Imperial era, there were three categories of people w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corpus Juris Civilis
The ''Corpus Juris'' (or ''Iuris'') ''Civilis'' ("Body of Civil Law") is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, enacted from 529 to 534 by order of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. It is also sometimes referred to metonymically after one of its parts, the Code of Justinian. The work as planned had three parts: the ''Code'' (''Codex'') is a compilation, by selection and extraction, of imperial enactments to date; the ''Corpus Juris Civilis#Digesta, Digest'' or ''Pandects'' (the Latin title contains both ''Digesta'' and ''Pandectae'') is an encyclopedia composed of mostly brief extracts from the writings of Roman jurists; and the ''Institutes'' (''Institutiones'') is a student textbook, mainly introducing the ''Code'', although it has important conceptual elements that are less developed in the ''Code'' or the ''Digest''. All three parts, even the textbook, were given force of law. They were intended to be, together, the sole source of law; referen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Justinian I
Justinian I (, ; 48214 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was Roman emperor from 527 to 565. His reign was marked by the ambitious but only partly realized ''renovatio imperii'', or "restoration of the Empire". This ambition was expressed by the partial recovery of the territories of the defunct Western Roman Empire. His general, Belisarius, swiftly conquered the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa. Subsequently, Belisarius, Narses, and other generals Gothic War (535–554), conquered the Ostrogothic Kingdom, restoring Dalmatia, Sicily, Italian peninsula, Italy, and Rome to the empire after more than half a century of rule by the Ostrogoths. The Liberius (praetorian prefect), praetorian prefect Liberius reclaimed the south of the Iberian Peninsula, establishing the province of Spania. These campaigns re-established Roman control over the western Mediterranean, increasing the Empire's annual revenue by over a million ''solidi''. During his reign, Justinian also subdued ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Law
Roman law is the law, legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables (), to the (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I. Roman law also denoted the legal system applied in most of Western Europe until the end of the 18th century. In Germany, Roman law practice remained in place longer under the Holy Roman Empire (963–1806). Roman law thus served as a basis for Civil law (legal system), legal practice throughout Western continental Europe, as well as in most former colonies of these European nations, including Latin America, and also in Ethiopia. English and Anglo-American common law were influenced also by Roman law, notably in their Latinate legal glossary. Eastern Europe was also influenced by the jurisprudence of the , especially in countries such as medieval Romania, which created a new legal system comprising a mixture of Roman and local law. After the dissolution of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Roman Laws
This is a partial list of Roman laws. A Roman law () is usually named for the sponsoring legislator and designated by the adjectival form of his ''gens'' name ('' nomen gentilicum''), in the feminine form because the noun ''lex'' (plural ''leges'') is of feminine grammatical gender. When a law is the initiative of the two consuls, it is given the name of both, with the ''nomen'' of the senior consul first. Sometimes a law is further specified by a short phrase describing the content of the law, to distinguish that law from others sponsored by members of the same ''gens''. Roman laws Post-Roman law codes based on Roman legislation *'' lex Romana Burgundionum'' one of the law tables for Romans after the fall of the Western Roman Empire *'' lex Romana Visigothorum'' (506 AD) one of the law tables for Romans after the fall of the Western Roman Empire General denominations *'' lex agraria'' A law regulating distribution of public lands *'' lex annalis'' A law regarding quali ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lex Fufia Caninia
The ''lex Fufia Caninia'' of 2 BC was a law passed under Augustus, the first Roman emperor, concerning the manumission of slaves. The law placed limits on the number of slaves that could be formally released from slavery by means of a will. Testamentary manumission had been established in early Rome as one of three procedures recognized in Roman law as not only granting ''libertas'' (liberty) to the formerly enslaved person but also full citizenship. Provisions According to the jurist Gaius, the law prescribed the number of slaves who could be freed by a will in proportion to the size of the estate. * An estate holding only one or two slaves was excluded from the law, and the testator had free discretion in manumission. *For an estate holding three and up to ten slaves, no more than half could be manumitted; :* over ten and up to thirty, a third; :* over thirty and up to hundred, a fourth; :* over one hundred and up to five hundred, a fifth, with a cap of one hundred rega ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Status In Roman Legal System
In Roman law, ''status'' describes a person's legal status. The individual could be a Roman citizen (''status civitatis''), unlike foreigners; or he could be free (''status libertatis''), unlike slaves; or he could have a certain position in a Roman family (''status familiae'') either as head of the family (''pater familias''), or as a lower member (''filii familias''). Status civitatis In the Roman state, according to Roman civil law (''ius civile''), only Roman citizens had the full civil and political rights. In regard to ''status civitatis'', in the Roman state, there were ''cives'', ''Latini'' and ''peregrini'', and foreigners. Outside the Roman state, there were ''externi'', ''barbari'' and ''hostes''. Status familiae ''Status familiae'' is the legal status of an individual in the family. The pater familias had the authority in the family (patria potestas), and everyone was subjected to him based on adgnatio (kinship only from father's side). This had an impact i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
