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Lettization
Latvianization (sometimes Lettization) is a cultural assimilation of something non-Latvian into Latvian. This process was an important component during the several waves of Latvian national awakening. Language The first notable process of Latvianization was during the First Latvian National Awakening, when Germanisms in Latvian started to be replaced with native Latvian ones: ''beķeris'' (baker) > ''maiznieks'', ''duršlags'' (colander) > ''caurduris'', ''trekteris'' (funnel) > ''piltuve'' (both words are in use today), and the intolerant attitude was formed towards these borrowings. This process continued over time and by 1990s the Germanic barbarisms (unwarranted borrowings) were to a great extent removed from the literary Latvian. Juris Alunāns was especially active in this and now he is recognized as the father of Latvian linguistics. Notably, he suggested Latvianized names for foreign countries, nationalities, and names of months, elaborating on the suggestion of Kri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pavel Shillingovsky -Portrait Of Teodor Eduardovich Zalkaln- 1918-
Pavel ( Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian: Павел; Czech, Slovene, and (although Romanian also uses Paul); ; ; ) is a male given name. It is a Slavic cognate of the name Paul (derived from the Greek Pavlos). Pavel may refer to: People Given name *Pavel I of Russia (1754–1801), Emperor of Russia *Paweł Adamowicz (1965–2019), Polish politician * Paweł Brożek (born 1983), Polish footballer *Paweł Cibicki (born 1994), Swedish footballer *Paweł Deląg (born 1970), Polish actor *Pavel Durov (born 1984), Telegram founder *Paweł Fajdek (born 1989), Polish hammer thrower *Pavel Haas (1899-1944), Czech composer who was murdered during the Holocaust *Paweł Jasienica (1909–1970), Polish historian, journalist, essayist and soldier *Paweł Kisielow (born 1945), Polish immunologist *Pavel Kuzmich (born 1988), Russian luger *Paweł Łukaszewski (born 1968), Polish composer *Paweł Mąciwoda (born 1967), Polish bassist for the German rock band Scorpions *Paweł Mykietyn (born ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet Union, it dissolved in 1991. During its existence, it was the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country by area, extending across Time in Russia, eleven time zones and sharing Geography of the Soviet Union#Borders and neighbors, borders with twelve countries, and the List of countries and dependencies by population, third-most populous country. An overall successor to the Russian Empire, it was nominally organized as a federal union of Republics of the Soviet Union, national republics, the largest and most populous of which was the Russian SFSR. In practice, Government of the Soviet Union, its government and Economy of the Soviet Union, economy were Soviet-type economic planning, highly centralized. As a one-party state go ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Altberg (surname)
Altberg is a German-language surname. A Latvianized version: Altbergs. Notable people with the surname include: * (1908—2009), Brazilian architect *Erik Altberg, birth name of Eric Barclay, Swedish film actor *Jonas Erik Altberg, better known as Basshunter Jonas Erik Altberg (; born 22 December 1984), known professionally as Basshunter, is a Swedish singer, record producer, songwriter and DJ. As indicated by his stage name, Basshunter is known for bass-heavy Eurodance music. Born and raised in Ha ..., Swedish singer, record producer, songwriter and DJ * (born 1953), Brazilian screenwriter and film director * (1877—1942), Russian physicist See also * * Altenberg (other) {{surname German-language surnames ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mountain
A mountain is an elevated portion of the Earth's crust, generally with steep sides that show significant exposed bedrock. Although definitions vary, a mountain may differ from a plateau in having a limited summit area, and is usually higher than a hill, typically rising at least above the surrounding land. A few mountains are inselberg, isolated summits, but most occur in mountain ranges. mountain formation, Mountains are formed through tectonic plate, tectonic forces, erosion, or volcanism, which act on time scales of up to tens of millions of years. Once mountain building ceases, mountains are slowly leveled through the action of weathering, through Slump (geology), slumping and other forms of mass wasting, as well as through erosion by rivers and glaciers. High elevations on mountains produce Alpine climate, colder climates than at sea level at similar latitude. These colder climates strongly affect the Montane ecosystems, ecosystems of mountains: different elevations hav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germanization
Germanisation, or Germanization, is the spread of the German language, German people, people, and German culture, culture. It was a central idea of German conservative thought in the 19th and the 20th centuries, when conservatism and ethnic nationalism went hand in hand. In linguistics, Germanisation of non-German languages also occurs when they adopt many German words. Under the policies of states such as the State of the Teutonic Order, Teutonic Order, Federal State of Austria, Austria, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the German Empire, non-German minorities were often discouraged or even prohibited from using their native language, and had their traditions and culture suppressed in the name of linguistic imperialism. In addition, the Government also encouraged immigration from the Germanosphere to further upset the linguistic balance, but with varying degrees of success. In Nazi Germany, linguistic Germanisation was replaced by a policy of genocide against certain ethnic groups li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germans
Germans (, ) are the natives or inhabitants of Germany, or sometimes more broadly any people who are of German descent or native speakers of the German language. The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, constitution of Germany, implemented in 1949 following the end of World War II, defines a German as a German nationality law, German citizen. During the 19th and much of the 20th century, discussions on German identity were dominated by concepts of a common language, culture, descent, and history.. "German identity developed through a long historical process that led, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, to the definition of the German nation as both a community of descent (Volksgemeinschaft) and shared culture and experience. Today, the German language is the primary though not exclusive criterion of German identity." Today, the German language is widely seen as the primary, though not exclusive, criterion of German identity. Estimates on the total number of Germ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pastor
A pastor (abbreviated to "Ps","Pr", "Pstr.", "Ptr." or "Psa" (both singular), or "Ps" (plural)) is the leader of a Christianity, Christian congregation who also gives advice and counsel to people from the community or congregation. In Lutheranism, Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy and Anglicanism, pastors are always Ordination, ordained. In Methodism, pastors may be either License to Preach (Methodist), licensed or ordained. The New Testament typically uses the words "bishops" (Acts 20:28) and "presbyter" (1 Peter 5:1) to indicate the ordained leadership in early Christianity. Likewise, Peter instructs these particular servants to "act like Shepherd, shepherds" as they "oversee" the flock of God (1 Peter 5:2). The words "bishop" and "presbyter" were sometimes used in an interchangeable way, such as in Titus 1:5-6. However, there is ongoing dispute between branches of Christianity over whether there are two Holy orders, ordained classes (presbyters and deacons), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latvian Name
Latvian names, like in most European cultures, consist of two main elements: the given name (''vārds'') followed by family name (''uzvārds''). During the Soviet occupation (1940–1941; 1944–1991) the practice of giving a middle name (''otrais vārds'') was discouraged, but since the restoration of independence, Latvian legislation again allows the giving of up to two given names and it has become more common to give a middle name to children. Latvian male names end in 1st or 2nd declension masculine endings, either ''-s/-š'' or ''-is'' (with a handful of mostly foreign exceptions ending in indeclinable ''-o'', such as '' Ivo'', ''Raivo'', ''Gvido'', ''Bruno'', ''Oto'' and only a few belonging to the 3rd declension ending in ''-us'', such as ''Ingus'', ''Mikus'', ''Edžus'', ''Zemgus''). Latvian female names have the feminine 4th or 5th declension endings ''-a'' or ''-e'' respectively. For centuries, one of the most popular Latvian names has been '' Jānis'', whose written ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Language Purism
Linguistic purism or linguistic protectionism is a concept with two common meanings: one with respect to foreign languages and the other with respect to the internal variants of a language (dialects). The first meaning is the historical trend of the users of a language desiring to conserve intact the language's lexical structure of word families, in opposition to foreign influence which are considered 'impure'. The second meaning is the prescriptive practice of determining and recognizing one linguistic variety (dialect) as being purer or of intrinsically higher quality than other related varieties. The perceived or actual decline identified by the purists may take the form of a change of vocabulary, syncretism of grammatical elements, or loanwords. The unwanted similarity is often with a neighboring language the speakers of which are culturally or politically dominant. The ideal may invoke logic, clarity, or the grammar of classic languages. It is often presented as a cons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Baltic Times
''The Baltic Times'' is an independent monthly newspaper that covers the latest political, economic, business, and cultural events in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. History The paper was formed from a merger in 1996 of the ''Baltic Independent'' and ''Baltic Observer''. With offices in Tallinn and Vilnius and its headquarters in Riga, ''The Baltic Times'' remains the only English language print and online newspaper covering all three Baltic states The Baltic states or the Baltic countries is a geopolitical term encompassing Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. All three countries are members of NATO, the European Union, the Eurozone, and the OECD. The three sovereign states on the eastern co .... Between 1996 and 2012 ''The Baltic Times'' was published weekly and then, until September 2013, twice a month. References External links Official WebsiteLibrary of Congress Newspapers published in Estonia Newspapers published in Latvia Newspapers published in Lithuania Newsp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
