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Lay Cardinal
In the historical practice of the Catholic Church, a lay cardinal was a man whom the pope appointed to the College of Cardinals while still a layman. This appointment carried with it the obligation to be ordained to a clerical order, meaning that "lay cardinal" was not a permanent state, but a term in reference to a man who was appointed cardinal prior to taking on the clerical state corresponding to that appointment. The current law of the Catholic Church is that a man must be first ordained at least a priest in order to be considered for appointment as a cardinal. List of laymen who were created cardinals Discontinuation In 1917, Pope Benedict XV promulgated the first edition of the '' Code of Canon Law'', which included a provision that a man must be first ordained a priest prior to being considered for appointment as a cardinal. According to ''The New York Times'', Pope Paul VI considered making the French Catholic philosopher Jacques Maritain a cardinal in 1965 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kardinal Theodulf Mertel
Jason Drew Harrow (born May 11, 1976), better known by his stage name Kardinal Offishall ( ), is a Canadian rapper and record producer. Often credited as Canada's "hip-hop ambassador", he has been regarded as one of the country's most prominent hip-hop producers during the 2000s and is distinctive for his reggae and dancehall-influenced style of hip-hop.[ Kardinal Offishall > Biography] AllMusic. Accessed on October 24, 2012. A native of Toronto, Ontario, Harrow began his career in the city's mid-1990s underground hip-hop scene, when he formed the hip-hop group the Circle.Kardinal Offishall making waves Jam! Music. Accessed on October 22, 2012. He released his debut studio album, ''Eye & I'' (1997) and extended play (EP), ''Husslin''' (2000) independently before signing with MCA Records in 2000. His second album and major label debut, ''Quest for Fire: Firestarter, Vol. 1'' (2001), moderately entered the Canadian Albums Chart and was supported by his first Canadian Singles Chart ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prince Maurice Of Savoy
Maurice of Savoy (10 January 15933 October 1657, Turin) was an Italian nobleman, politician and cardinal. He was the fourth son of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy and Infanta Catalina Micaela of Spain. Life Born in Turin, Maurice was the fourth of the five legitimate sons of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy and his wife Catalina, ''Infanta'' of Spain, daughter of King Philip II. Following what was the custom for the younger members of Italian princely families, Maurice was educated for a life in the Church, and then sent to the papal capital to promote the interests of the House of Savoy. At the age of fifteen he was made a cardinal by Pope Paul V in a bull dated 27 March 1608. In 1618 he was sent to Paris to complete the arrangements for the marriage of his brother Victor Amadeus with Christine of France. Maurice received the red hat on 18 February 1621. He participated in the conclave of 1623 and had a decisive role in the election of Pope Urban VIII. From 1623 to 1630 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crown Cardinal
A crown-cardinal () was a cardinal protector of a Roman Catholic nation, nominated or funded by a Catholic monarch to serve as their representative within the College of Cardinals and, on occasion, to exercise the right claimed by some monarchs to veto a candidate for election to the papacy. More generally, the term may refer to any cardinal significant as a secular statesman or elevated at the request of a monarch. Francis Burkle-Young defines a crown cardinal as one "elevated to the cardinalate solely on the recommendation of the European kings and in many cases without having performed any service at all for the advancement of the Church." According to conclave historian Frederic Baumgartner, the crown-cardinals "rarely came to Rome except for the conclaves, if then, and they were largely unknown to the majority of the College. Usually unable to take part in the '' pratiche'', they were not '' papabili'' and rarely received more than one or two votes".Baumgartner, 2003, p. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jacques Maritain
Jacques Maritain (; 18 November 1882 – 28 April 1973) was a French Catholic philosopher. Raised as a Protestant, he was agnostic before converting to Catholicism in 1906. An author of more than 60 books, he helped to revive Thomas Aquinas for modern times, and was influential in the development and drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Pope Paul VI presented his "Message to Men of Thought and of Science" at the close of Vatican II to Maritain, his long-time friend and mentor. The same pope had seriously considered making him a lay cardinal, but Maritain rejected it. Maritain's interest and works spanned many aspects of philosophy, including aesthetics, political theory, philosophy of science, metaphysics, the nature of education, liturgy and ecclesiology. Life Maritain was born in Paris, the son of Paul Maritain, who was a lawyer, and his wife Geneviève Favre, the daughter of philosopher and educator Julie Favre and statesman and lawyer Jules Favre. Hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Paul VI
Pope Paul VI (born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini; 26 September 18976 August 1978) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 21 June 1963 until his death on 6 August 1978. Succeeding John XXIII, he continued the Second Vatican Council, which he closed in 1965, implementing its numerous reforms. He fostered improved ecumenical relations with Eastern Orthodox and Protestant churches, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements. In January 1964, List of pastoral visits of Pope Paul VI, he flew to Jordan, the first time a reigning pontiff had left Italy in more than a century. Montini served in the Holy See's Secretariat of State from 1922 to 1954, and along with Domenico Tardini was considered the closest and most influential advisor of Pope Pius XII. In 1954, Pius named Montini Archbishop of Milan, the largest Italian diocese. Montini later became the Secretary of the Episcopal Conference of Italy, Italian Bishops' Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of the longest-running newspapers in the United States, the ''Times'' serves as one of the country's Newspaper of record, newspapers of record. , ''The New York Times'' had 9.13 million total and 8.83 million online subscribers, both by significant margins the List of newspapers in the United States, highest numbers for any newspaper in the United States; the total also included 296,330 print subscribers, making the ''Times'' the second-largest newspaper by print circulation in the United States, following ''The Wall Street Journal'', also based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' is published by the New York Times Company; since 1896, the company has been chaired by the Ochs-Sulzberger family, whose current chairman and the paper's publ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1917 Code Of Canon Law
The 1917 ''Code of Canon Law'' (abbreviated 1917 CIC, from its Latin title ), also referred to as the Pio-Benedictine Code,Dr. Edward Peters accessed June-9-2013 is the first official comprehensive codification (law), codification of Canon law of the Catholic Church, Latin canon law. Ordered by Pope Pius X in 1904 and carried out by the Commission for the Codification of Canon Law, led by Pietro Gasparri, Pietro Cardinal Gasparri, the work to produce the code was completed and Promulgation (Catholic canon law), promulgated under Pope Benedict XV on 27 May 1917, Coming into force, coming into effect on 19 May 1918.Metz, "What is Canon Law?", p. 59 The 1917 ''Code of Canon Law'' has been described as "the greatest revolution in canon law since the time of Decretum Gratiani, Gratian" (1150s AD). The 1917 ''Code of Canon Law'' was composed of laws called Canon (canon law), canons, of which there were 2,414. It remained in force until the 1983 Code of Canon Law, 1983 ''Code of Canon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Benedict XV
Pope Benedict XV (; ; born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa, ; 21 November 1854 – 22 January 1922) was head of the Catholic Church from 1914 until his death in January 1922. His pontificate was largely overshadowed by World War I and its political, social, and humanitarian consequences in Europe. Between 1846 and 1903, the Catholic Church had experienced two of its longest pontificates in history up to that point. Together Pius IX and Leo XIII ruled for a total of 57 years. In 1914, the College of Cardinals chose della Chiesa at the relatively young age of 59 at the outbreak of World War I, which he labeled "the suicide of civilized Europe". The war and its consequences were the main focus of Benedict XV. He immediately declared the neutrality of the Holy See and attempted from that perspective to mediate peace in 1916 and 1917. Both sides rejected his initiatives. German Protestants rejected any "Papal Peace" as insulting. The French politician Georges Clemenceau r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deacon In The Catholic Church
A deacon is a member of the diaconate, an office in Christian churches that is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions. Major Christian denominations, such as the Catholic Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Eastern Orthodox Church, Lutheranism, Presbyterianism, Methodism, and Anglicanism, view the diaconate as an order of ministry. Permanent deacons (or distinctive deacons) are those who do not later transition to another form of ministry, in contrast to those continuing their formation who are then often called transitional deacons. Origin and development The word ''deacon'' is derived from the Greek word (), which is a standard ancient Greek word meaning "servant", "waiter", "minister", or "messenger". Recent research has highlighted the role of the deacon "as a co-operator" and "go-between," emphasizing their intermediary position in early Christian communities. It is generally assumed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teodolfo Mertel
Teodolfo Mertel (9 February 1806 – 11 July 1899) was a lawyer, deacon, and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the last cardinal not to have been ordained at least a priest. Life He was born in the town of Allumiere, in the Province of Lazio, then part of the Papal States, the son of Isidore Mertel, a baker from Bavaria. As a boy he studied at the local parish school, operated by the Capuchin friars in Tolfa. He then studied at the seminary in Montefiascone. After he completed his study of the humanities there, he attended the Sapienza University of Rome, where he was granted a doctorate in both civil and canon law on 16 July 1828. Mertel became a lawyer of the Roman Curia in 1831, where he was quickly promoted to the position of judge, then to Auditor of the Papal Treasury. He rose his way through the ranks of the Curia. Among his posts was that of Prefect of the Congregation of St. Ives, a society of lawyers and procurators, providing ''pro bono'' defense of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cardinal Mazarin
Jules Mazarin (born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino or Mazarini; 14 July 1602 – 9 March 1661), from 1641 known as Cardinal Mazarin, was an Italian Catholic prelate, diplomat and politician who served as the chief minister to the Kings of France Louis XIII and Louis XIV from 1642 to his death. He was made a cardinal in 1641. After serving as a papal diplomat for Pope Urban VIII, Mazarin offered his diplomatic services to Cardinal Richelieu and moved to Paris in 1640. After the death of Richelieu in 1642, Mazarin took his place as first minister of Louis XIII, and then of Louis XIV, when he succeeded to the throne in 1643. Mazarin acted as the head of the government for Anne of Austria, the regent for the young Louis XIV, and was also responsible for the king's education until he came of age. The first years of Mazarin in office were marked by military victories in the Thirty Years' War, which he used to make France the main European power and establish the Peace of Westphalia (1646� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Florida International University
Florida International University (FIU) is a public research university with its main campus in Westchester, Florida, United States. Founded in 1965 by the Florida Legislature, the school opened to students in 1972. FIU is the third-largest university in Florida and the List of United States university campuses by enrollment, eighth-largest public university in the United States by enrollment. It is a constituent part of the State University System of Florida and one of four state-designated Preeminent State Research Universities. FIU is Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, classified as a Carnegie "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" institution. It has 11 colleges and more than 40 centers, facilities, labs, and institutes that offer more than 200 programs of study. It has an annual budget of over $1.7 billion and an annual economic impact of over $5 billion. The university is Higher education accreditation in the United States, acc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
