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Lawspeaker
A lawspeaker or lawman ( Swedish: ''lagman'', Old Swedish: ''laghmaþer'' or ''laghman'', Danish: ''lovsigemand'', Norwegian: ''lagmann'', Icelandic: , Faroese: '' løgmaður'', Finnish: ''laamanni'', ) is a unique Scandinavian legal office. It has its basis in a common Germanic oral tradition, where wise people were asked to recite the law, but it was only in Scandinavia that the function evolved into an office. At first, lawspeakers represented the people, and their duties and authority were connected to the assemblies ( ''things''). For most of the last thousand years, however, they were part of the king's administration. Snorri Sturluson (1179–1241) of Iceland was a famous lawspeaker. He wrote about an 11th-century lawspeaker named Torgny, but historians doubt the account. Sweden In Sweden, this office was the most important one of regional governments, where each ''lagsaga'' (usually the same as the traditional province) was the jurisdiction of a lawspeaker who wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thing (assembly)
A thing, also known as a folkmoot, assembly, tribal council, and Thing (assembly)#Etymology, by other names, was a governing assembly in early Germanic peoples, Germanic society, made up of the free people of the community presided over by a lawspeaker. Things took place regularly, usually at prominent places accessible by travel. They provided legislative functions, as well as social events and trade opportunities. In modern usage, the meaning of this word in English and other languages has shifted to mean not just an assemblage of some sort but simply an object of any kind. Thingstead () or "thingstow" () is the English term for the location where a thing was held. Etymology The word appears in Old Norse, Old English, and modern Icelandic language, Icelandic as , in Middle English (as in modern English), Old Saxon, Old Dutch, and Old Frisian as (the difference between ''þing'' and ''thing'' is purely orthographical), in German language, German as , in Dutch language, Dut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Torgny The Lawspeaker
Torgny the Lawspeaker ( Old Icelandic: ''Þorgnýr lögmaðr'' , Swedish: ''Torgny Lagman'') is the name of one of at least three generations of lawspeakers by the name ''Þorgnýr'', who appear in the ''Heimskringla'' by the Icelandic scholar and chieftain Snorri Sturluson, and in the less known ''Styrbjarnar þáttr Svíakappa'' and '' Hróa þáttr heimska''. They were the lawspeakers of Tiundaland, and all lawspeakers in the Swedish kingdom were their subordinates. The one who is the most famous is reported by the ''Heimskringla'' to have lived in the time of Olof Skötkonung and Olav the Holy, and there is an extensive account on him in this source. This Þorgnýr is held to have historic basis, but Snorri's account is doubted by modern Swedish historians,Lagerquist 1997:36 who lack native Swedish documentation on the Tiundaland lawspeakers of this time. Snorri relates: : ''In Tiundaland there was a lagman'' lawspeaker">/nowiki>lawspeaker''who was called Thorgny, whose fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Snorri Sturluson
Snorri Sturluson ( ; ; 1179 – 22 September 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet, and politician. He was elected twice as lawspeaker of the Icelandic parliament, the Althing. He is commonly thought to have authored or compiled portions of the ''Prose Edda'', which is a major source for what is today known about Norse mythology and alliterative verse, and , a history of the Norsemen, Norse kings that begins with legendary material in ''Ynglinga saga'' and moves through to early medieval History of Scandinavia, Scandinavian history. For stylistic and methodological reasons, Snorri is often taken to be the author of ''Egil's Saga''. He was assassinated in 1241 by men claiming to be agents of the King of Norway. Biography Early life Snorri Sturluson was born in (commonly transliterated as Hvamm or Hvammr) as a member of the wealthy and powerful Sturlungar family clan, Sturlungar clan of the Icelandic Commonwealth, in AD 1179. His parents were Sturla Þórðarson the Elder o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eskil (Lawman)
Eskil Magnusson (c. 1175 – c. 1227) was a nobleman and lawspeaker (''Lagman'') of Västergötland. He is the first attested legal official in what is now Sweden about whom extensive information is available. Biography He was a member of the Bjälbo dynasty or House of Folkung (''Folkungaätten'') which in the 1250s became Sweden's royal dynasty. He was the son of Magnus Minniskiöld, and the elder half-brother of Birger Jarl (''Birger Magnusson''), the most powerful man of Sweden in the middle of the 13th century. Around 1217, he married Kristina Nilsdotter, widow of the Norwegian earl Hakon the Mad (''Håkon Galen''), whose son Knut Håkonsson was a pretender to the Norwegian throne. Due to the location of his jurisdiction and his marriage to Kristina, Eskil had good contacts in Norway and may have functioned as a negotiator between the Swedish and the Norwegian monarchs. Some time during 1218–1220, he was visited by Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson. Eskil wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tiundaland
Tiundaland is a historic region, '' Folkland'', and since 1296 part of the modern province of Uppland. It originally meant the ''land of the ten hundreds'' and referred to its duty of providing 1000 men and 40 ships for the Swedish king's leidang. A list from 1314 defines Tiundaland as Bälinge Hundred, Gästrikland, Håbo Hundred, Hagunda Hundred, Norunda Hundred, Närding Hundred, Oland Hundred, Rasbo Hundred, Ulleråker Hundred and Vaksala Hundred. During the Viking Age it probably extended from the coast of the Baltic Sea by Norrtälje to the bay which today is the lake Mälaren. A very strategic position. According to Snorri Sturluson in the '' Heimskringla'' it was the location of Uppsala and the Thing of all Swedes, where every year there were great blóts which were attended by many kings. He relates that Tiundaland was the richest and most fertile region of Sweden where was the seat of the Swedish kings at Uppsala, the Swedish Archbishopric and from which U ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Løgmaður
The prime minister of the Faroe Islands is the head of government of the Faroe Islands. The Faroese term (plural: ) literally means "lawman" and originally referred to the legal function of lawspeaker. This old title was brought back into use to refer to the head of government after the islands obtained Home Rule in 1948. In recent decades the Faroese government has started using "Prime Minister" as the official English translation of , reflecting the increased autonomy of the islands. This translation does not apply to the pre-1816 office, only the modern leaders of the Faroese government. List of Løgmenn Løgmenn as lawmen (–1816) Many of the earlier holders of this position are not known. Løgmenn as Prime Ministers during the Home Rule era (1948–present) Timeline since 1948 This is a graphical lifespan timeline of prime ministers of the Faroe Islands. They are listed in order of office (those who served multiple terms are shown in order of their first). S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reduction (Sweden)
In the Great Reduction of 1680, by which the ancient landed nobility lost its power base, the Swedish Crown confiscated lands earlier granted to the nobility. ''Reductions'' () in Sweden and its dominions were the return to the crown of fiefs that had been granted to the Swedish nobility. Several reductions are recorded, from the 13th century until this final one of 1680. Background The reductions were fought for by gentry, tradesmen, state servants, and peasantry alike, partly as a way to curb the power of the great aristocratic families and partly as a way to make the state solvent and able to pay its debts. One such reduction, () under Charles X Gustav of Sweden in 1655, intended at restoring a quarter of "donations" made after 1632. However, the outbreak of the Second Northern War prevented its realisation. Only after Charles XI's entry into maturity in 1672, it began to be implemented effectively. It would soon become obvious that it was not enough to bring public fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Privy Council Of Sweden
The Council of the Realm, or simply The Council ( or : sometimes in ), was a cabinet of medieval origin, consisting of magnates () which advised, and at times co-ruled with, the King of Sweden. The 1634 Instrument of Government, Sweden's first written constitution in the modern sense, stipulated that the King must have a council, but he was free to choose whomever he might find suitable for the job, as long as they were of Swedish birth. At the introduction of absolutism, Charles XI had the equivalent organ named as Royal Council (). In the Age of Liberty, the medieval name was reused. After the bloodless revolution of Gustav III, the Council was abolished in 1789 by the Union and Security Act. The 1809 Instrument of Government, created a Council of State, also known as the King in Council () which became the constitutionally mandated cabinet where the King had to make all state decisions in the presence of his cabinet ministers (). Throughout the 19th century and reac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Magnus Eriksson
Magnus Eriksson (April or May 1316 – 1 December 1374) was King of Sweden from 1319 to 1364, King of Norway as Magnus VII from 1319 to 1355, and ruler of Scania from 1332 to 1360. By adversaries he has been called ''Magnus Smek'' (). Medieval Swedish kings did not use regnal numbers as part of their title. As the king of Sweden, he is sometimes referred to as Magnus II, Magnus III, or Magnus IV. He is the second longest-reigning monarch in Swedish history after the current king Carl XVI Gustaf, who surpassed Magnus in 2018. Biography Magnus was born in Norway, either in April or May 1316. His father was Duke Erik Magnusson, son of King Magnus Ladulås of Sweden. His mother was Ingeborg, daughter of King Haakon V of Norway. Magnus was elected king of Sweden on 8 July 1319 at Mora Thing to prevent the previous king Birger Magnusson, his uncle, from returning to power. Magnus was also acknowledged as the hereditary king of Norway at Haugating in Tønsberg in August ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stone Of Mora
In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects. Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis and lithification of sediments, which in turn are formed by the weathering, transport, and deposition of existing rocks. M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
House Of Bjälbo
The House of Bjälbo, also known as the House of Folkung ( or ), was a Swedish family that produced several medieval bishops, jarls and kings of Sweden. It also provided three kings of Norway and one king of Denmark in the 14th century. Name and origin The house has been known as the "House of Folkung" since the 17th century, and this name is still commonly used in Swedish works of reference. The name "Folkung" does appear as early as in 12th century sources, but is then usually not applied to members of the family. In an effort to avoid confusion with the Folkunge Party some modern historians have argued that "House of Bjälbo" would be a better name because Birger Jarl lived there and it is the family's oldest known manor. Bjälbo is located in Östergötland, outside of Skänninge in the present-day municipality of Mjölby. In any case the members of this dynasty never used a name to refer to themselves since family names were not widely adopted in Sweden until the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
