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Lauzinaj
''Lauzinaj'' (), also spelled ''lawzinaj'', ''lawzinaq'', ''luzina'' is an almond-based confection known from medieval Arab cuisine. Described as the "food of kings" and "supreme judge of all sweets", by the 13th-century ''lauzinaj'' had entered medieval European cuisine from the Andalusian influence, returning Crusaders and Latin translations of cookery books. History References about the confection abound in Arabic literature. It is mentioned by the 10th-century poet Al-Ma'muni, and Sahnun, a ''qadi'' who advises one of his students that the reward for long hours of studying law is the prospect of earning enough wealth to eat pistachio filled ''lauzinaj''. Two versions of the dish are known from medieval texts: #''Lauzinaj mugharraq'' or "drenched lauzinaj", some scholars believe this dish is an earlier version of ''baklava'' (though Charles Perry has written that "it was not much like baklava"). It was made by filling thin pastry dough with a mixture of ground almond (and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baklava
Baklava (, or ; ) is a layered pastry dessert made of filo pastry, filled with chopped nuts, and sweetened with syrup or honey. It was one of the most popular sweet pastries of Ottoman cuisine. There are several theories for the origin of the pre-Ottoman version of the dish. In modern times, it is a common dessert among cuisines of countries in West Asia, Southeast Europe, Central Asia, and North Africa. It is also enjoyed in Pakistan and Afghanistan, where, although not a traditional sweet, it has carved out a niche in urban centers. Etymology The word ''baklava'' is first attested in English in 1650, a borrowing from . The name ''baklava'' is used in many languages with minor phonetic and spelling variations. The earliest known reference to baklava is in a poem by the 15th century mystic Kaygusuz Abdal. The historian Paul D. Buell argues that the word ''baklava'' may come from the Mongolian root ' 'to tie, wrap up, pile up' composed with the Turkic verbal ending ''-v'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arab Cuisine
Arab cuisine collectively refers to the regional culinary traditions of the Arab world, consisting of the Maghreb (the west) and the Mashriq (the east). These cuisines are centuries-old and reflect the culture of trading in ingredients, spices, herbs, and commodities among the Arabs. The regions have many similarities, but also unique traditions. They have also been influenced by climate, cultivation, and mutual commerce. Medieval cuisine Breads The white bread was made with high-quality wheat flour, similar to bread but thicker, the fermented dough was leavened usually with yeast and "baker's borax" () and baked in a ''tandoor''. One poetic verse describing this bread: "In the farthest end of Karkh of Baghdad, a baker I saw offering bread, wondrous fair. From purest essence of wheat contrived. Radiant and absolute, you may see your image reflected, crystal clear. rounds glowing with lovely whiteness, more playful than gorgeous singing girls, They look like crystal trays, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marzipan
Marzipan is a confectionery, confection consisting primarily of sugar and almond meal (ground almonds), sometimes augmented with almond oil or extract. It is often made into Confectionery, sweets; common uses are chocolate-covered marzipan and small marzipan imitations of fruits and vegetables. It can also be used in biscuits or rolled into thin sheets and glazed for icing cakes, primarily birthday cakes, wedding cakes and Christmas cakes. Marzipan may also be used as a baking ingredient, as in stollen or banket (food), banket. In some countries, it is shaped into small figures of animals as a traditional treat for New Year's Day or Christmas. Marzipan is also used in Roscón, Tortell, and in some versions of king cake eaten during the Carnival season. Around the world Europe The Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union recognize two marzipans in Europe: one in Toledo (Spain) and one in Lübeck (Germany). Southern Europe In Spain, ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persian Marzipan Rosewater
Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the Indo-European family, native language of ethnic Persians *** Persian alphabet, a writing system based on the Arabic script * People and things from the historical Persian Empire Other uses * Persian (patience), a card game * Persian (roll), a pastry native to Thunder Bay, Ontario * Persian (wine) * Persian, Indonesia, on the island of Java * Persian cat, a long-haired breed of cat characterized by its round face and shortened muzzle * The Persian, a character from Gaston Leroux's ''The Phantom of the Opera'' * The Persians, an ancient Greek tragedy play written by the Athenian playwright Aeschylus in the 5th century BC * ''Persa'' (play) or ''The Persian'', comedy by the Roman playwright Plautus * Persian, a generation I Pokémon spe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mastic (plant Resin)
Mastic () is a resin obtained from the mastic tree (''Pistacia lentiscus''). It is also known as tears of Chios, being traditionally produced on the island of Chios, and, like other natural resins, is produced in "tears" or droplets. Mastic is excreted by the resin glands of the evergreen shrub ''Pistacia lentiscus'' and dries into pieces of brittle, translucent resin. When chewed, the resin softens and becomes a bright white and opaque gum. The flavor is bitter at first, but after some chewing, it releases a refreshing flavor similar to pine and Cedrus, cedar. History Chios mastic gum has been used as a traditional medicine over the last 2,500 years. The word ''mastic'' is derived indirectly from , which may be related to . * Remarks not in the book: OED does not claim came from , it only refers ("cf.") to the latter word for comparison. The first mention of actual mastic 'tears' was by Hippocrates. Hippocrates used mastic for the prevention of digestive problems, colds and a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medieval Cuisine
Medieval cuisine includes foods, eating habits, and cooking methods of various Culture of Europe, European cultures during the Middle Ages, which lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. During this period, Diet (nutrition), diets and cooking changed less than they did in the early modern period that followed, when those changes helped lay the foundations for modern European cuisines. Cereals remained the most important staple during the Early Middle Ages as rice was introduced to Europe late, with the potato first used in the 16th century, and much later for the wider population. Barley, oats, and rye were eaten by the poor while wheat was generally more expensive. These were consumed as bread, porridge, gruel, and pasta by people of all classes. Cheese, fruits, and vegetables were important supplements for the lower orders while meat was more expensive and generally more prestigious. Game (food), Game, a form of meat acquired from hunting, was common only on the nobility's tabl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arab Desserts
Arabs (, , ; , , ) are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa. A significant Arab diaspora is present in various parts of the world. Arabs have been in the Fertile Crescent for thousands of years. In the 9th century BCE, the Assyrians made written references to Arabs as inhabitants of the Levant, Mesopotamia, and Arabia. Throughout the Ancient Near East, Arabs established influential civilizations starting from 3000 BCE onwards, such as Dilmun, Gerrha, and Magan (civilization), Magan, playing a vital role in trade between Mesopotamia, and the History of the Mediterranean region, Mediterranean. Other prominent tribes include Midian, ʿĀd, and Thamud mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, Bible and Quran. Later, in 900 BCE, the Qedarites enjoyed close relations with the nearby Canaan#Canaanites, Canaanite and Aramaeans, Aramaean states, and their territory extended from Lower Egypt to the Southern Levant. From 1200 BCE to 110 BCE, powerful ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nut Confections
Nut often refers to: * Nut (fruit), fruit composed of a hard shell and a seed * Nut (food), a dry and edible fruit or seed, including but not limited to true nuts * Nut (hardware), fastener used with a bolt Nut, NUT or Nuts may also refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Comics * ''Nuts'', comic in the National Lampoon by Gahan Wilson (1970s) * ''Nuts'', comic strip in alternative newspapers by M. Wartella (1990s) Fictional characters * Nut (Marvel Comics), fictional character evoking the Egyptian sky goddess * Nut (movie character), character portrayed by Shing Fui-On in two late 20th-century Hong Kong crime films Films * Nuts (1987 film), ''Nuts'' (1987 film), American drama * Nuts (2012 film), ''Nuts'' (2012 film), French comedy * Nuts! (film), ''Nuts!'' (film), animated documentary on John R. Brinkley Television *NBC Universal Television Studio, or NUTS, former name of television arm of NBCUniversal / Universal Television * Nuts TV, British television channel related to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Simple Syrup
In cooking, syrup (less commonly sirup; from ; , beverage, wine and ) is a condiment that is a thick, viscous liquid consisting primarily of a Solution (chemistry), solution of sugar in water, containing a large amount of dissolved sugars but showing little tendency to deposit crystals. In its concentrated form, its consistency is similar to that of molasses. The viscosity arises from the multiple hydrogen bonds between the dissolved sugar, which has many hydroxyl (OH) groups. Types There are a range of syrups used in food production, including: * Agave nectar, Agave syrup, made from agave stem * Cane syrup, made from sugar canes * Chocolate syrup * Corn syrup * Glucose syrup * Golden syrup, a by-product of refining crystallized sugar * High fructose corn syrup, widely used in the US * Maple syrup * Table syrup Uses For beverages A variety of beverages call for sweetening to offset the tartness of some juices used in the drink recipes. Granulated sugar does not dissolve eas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Al-Rumi
Abū al-Ḥasan Alī ibn al-Abbās ibn Jūrayj (), also known as Ibn al-Rūmī (born Baghdad in 836; died 896), was the grandson of George the Greek (Jūraij or Jūrjis i.e. Georgius) and a popular Arab poet of Baghdād in the Abbāsid-era. By the age of twenty he earned a living from his poetry. His many political patrons included the governor Ubaydallah ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir, Abbasid Caliphate, Abbasid caliph Al-Mu'tamid's minister the Persian Isma'il ibn Bulbul, and the politically influential Nestorian Christian, Nestorian family Sulayman ibn Wahb, Banū Wahb. In the tenth century his Diwan (poetry), Dīwān (collected poetry), which had been transmitted orally by Al-Mutanabbi, al-Mutanabbī, was arranged and edited by Abu Bakr bin Yahya al-Suli, Abū Bakr ibn Yaḥyā al-Ṣūlī, and included in the section of his book ''Kitāb Al-Awrāq'' () on ''muḥadathūn'' (modern poets). Early life Ibn al-Rumi was born in Baghdad, then the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanbusaj
A samosa () () (Hindi: समोसा) ( Persian: سمبوسه) is a fried South Asian and West Asian snack. It is a pastry with a savory filling that mostly consists of vegetables like spiced potatoes, onions, and peas, but can also include meat or fish, or even cheese. Its name originates from the Persian word sambosag (''سنبوسگ'') (meaning 'triangular pastry'). It is made in different shapes, including triangular, cone, or crescent, depending on the region. Samosas are often accompanied by chutney, and have origins in medieval times or earlier. Sweet versions are also made. Samosas are a popular entrée, appetizer, or snack in the cuisines of India, South Asia, Southeast Asia, West Asia, Central Asia, Portugal, East Africa and their South Asian diasporas. Etymology The English word ''samosa'' derives from the Hindustani word (, ), traceable to the Middle Persian word () [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Camphor
Camphor () is a waxy, colorless solid with a strong aroma. It is classified as a terpenoid and a cyclic ketone. It is found in the wood of the camphor laurel (''Cinnamomum camphora''), a large evergreen tree found in East Asia; and in the kapur tree (Dryobalanops, ''Dryobalanops'' sp.), a tall timber tree from South East Asia. It also occurs in some other related trees in the Lauraceae, laurel family, notably ''Ocotea usambarensis''. Rosemary leaves (''Rosmarinus officinalis'') contain 0.05 to 0.5% camphor, while camphorweed (''Heterotheca'') contains some 5%. A major source of camphor in Asia is Ocimum kilimandscharicum, camphor basil (the parent of African blue basil). Camphor can also be synthetically produced from oil of turpentine. The compound is Chirality (chemistry), chiral, existing in two possible enantiomers as shown in the structural diagrams. The structure on the left is the naturally occurring (+)-camphor ((1''R'',4''R'')-bornan-2-one), while its mirror image show ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
