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Latin Biography Of Muhammad
A number of Latin biographies of Muhammad were written during the 9th to 13th centuries. Overview The earliest Latin biographies originated in Spain before the mid-9th century. They had a limited circulation and influence. All other Latin biographies are ultimately based on the tradition of the ''Chronographia'' of Theophanes the Confessor (d. 818), translated into Latin in the 9th century by Anastasius Bibliothecarius, which contained a chapter on the life of Muhammad. While Latin biographies of Muhammad in the 11th to 12th century are still in the genre of anti-hagiography, depicting Muhammad as an heresiarch, the tradition develops into the genre of picaresque novel, with Muhammad in the role of the trickster figure, in the 13th century. The ''Vita Mahumeti'' by Embrico of Mainz is an early example of the genre. The text, in rhyming leonine hexameters, was modelled on the verse hagiography of contemporaries such as Hildebert of Le Mans. It was most likely written betwee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Historiated Initial, From Livre De L'eschiele Mahomet
In a written or published work, an initial capital, also referred to as a drop capital or simply an initial cap, initial, initcapital, initcap or init or a drop cap or drop, is a letter at the beginning of a word, a chapter, or a paragraph that is larger than the rest of the text. The word is derived from the Latin ''initialis'', which means ''standing at the beginning''. An initial is often several lines in height and in older books or manuscripts are known as "inhabited" initials. Certain important initials, such as the Beatus initial or "B" of '' Beatus vir...'' at the opening of Psalm 1 at the start of a vulgate Latin. These specific initials in an illuminated manuscript were also called initiums. In the present, the word "initial" commonly refers to the first letter of any word or name, the latter normally capitalized in English usage and is generally that of a first given name or a middle one or ones. History The classical tradition was slow to use capital letters fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romance Of Muhammad
The ''Romance of Muhammad'' (French ''Li romans de Mahon'' or ''Roman de Mahomet'') is an Old French romance about the life of Muhammad in octosyllabic couplets. It was written by Alexandre du Pont in 1258 in Laon based on the earlier ''Otia de Machomete'', a Latin poem by Walter of Compiègne. At 1,996 verses, it is almost twice as long as the ''Otia''. It is preserved in a single manuscript in Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fonds français 1553, from the late 13th century. The ''Romance'' can be broadly divided into six sections: Muhammad's education and meeting with the Christian hermit; his courtship and marriage; the private confirmation of his prophetic mission; public announcement of his prophethood and issuing of the law; the war with Persia; and Muhammad's death. It is written for a Christian lay audience. It is an essentially fictional account designed to ridicule Muhammad, although its depiction of him as "a clever scoundrel, eloquent suitor, and respected ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medieval Christian Views On Muhammad
In contrast to the views of Muhammad in Islam, the Christian views on him stayed highly negative during the Middle Ages for over a millennium."Muhammad." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 10 January 2007eb.com article At this time, Christendom largely viewed Islam as a Christian heresy and Muhammad as a false prophet. Overview Various Western and Byzantine Christian thinkersJohn of Damascus, ''De Haeresibus''. See Migne, ''Patrologia Graeca'', Vol. 94, 1864, cols 763–73. An English translation by the Reverend John W. Voorhis appeared in ''The Moslem World'', October 1954, pp. 392–98. considered Muhammad to be a perverted, deplorable man, a false prophet, and even the Antichrist, as he was frequently seen in Christendom as a heretic or possessed by demons. Some of them, like Thomas Aquinas, criticized Muhammad's promises of carnal pleasure in the afterlife. With the Crusades of the High Middle Ages, and the wars against the Ottoman Empire d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bonaventura Da Siena
Bonaventure of Siena ( it, Bonaventura da Siena) was a Tuscan scribe and translator who worked at the court of Alfonso X of Castile in the 1260s, when Alfonso was claiming the Holy Roman Empire. His most famous work is a translation of the ''Book of Muhammad's Ladder'' into Latin and French. Life Nothing is known of Bonaventure's family or of his biography before he arrived at the court of Alfonso X in Seville. He arrived after Alfonso's election as Holy Roman emperor, along with may other expatriates from the Ghibelline city of Siena. The earliest reference to him is from 1264, when he was a "notary and scribe of the lord king". On 10 May 1266, on Alfonso X's instruction, he drew up the act by which the ''infante'' Fernando de la Cerda named the men who would represent him at his proxy marriage to Blanche, daughter of Louis IX of France. On 18 January 1284, Peter III of Aragon named a certain Filippo Bonaventura da Siena, recommended to him by Cardinal Latino Malabranca Orsini, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Book Of Muhammad's Ladder
The ''Book of Muḥammad's Ladder'' is a first-person account of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad's night journey ('' isrāʾ'') and ascent to heaven ('' miʿrāj''), translated into Latin (as ) and Old French (as ) from traditional Arabic materials. Although presented as Muḥammad's words and purportedly recorded by Muḥammad's cousin Ibn ʿAbbās (died 687), the work dates to the 13th century. Belonging to the genre of apocalyptic literature, ''Muḥammad's Ladder'' details Muḥammad's miraculous transportation by the angel Gabriel from Mecca to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem and from there upward to the seven heavens. It also includes sections on Muḥammad's visit to the seven regions of Hell and his face-to-face vision of God, during which he was granted the power to intercede on behalf of believers on Judgement Day. The work was known to Dante Alighieri (died 1321), whose ''Divine Comedy'' has sometimes been regarded as inspired by ''Muḥammad's Ladder''. Origins ''Mu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Where Wicked Muhammad Came From
''Where Wicked Muhammad Came From'' ( la, Qualiter iniquus Mahometus venit) is an anonymous Latin biography of Muhammad from the late 13th century. Although it contains some authentic Islamic elements, it consists mostly of legendary material or reworkings intended to ridicule and denounce Islam and its founder. Title In the single manuscript copy of the work, it begins with the incipit: In the introduction to their Latin edition and English translation, Julian Yolles and Jessica Weiss refer to the text as ''Where Wicked Muhammad Came From'', or ''Qualiter'' for short. Using a different part of the incipit for a short title, John V. Tolan, John Tolan calls it ''Iniquus Mahometus'' ('deceitful Muḥammad'). Fernando González Muñoz calls it the ''Vita Mahometi'' ('life of Muhammad') of the Pisan manuscript, while others simply identify it as the "Pisan manuscript" or "Pisan text". Synopsis In the days of the apostles there was a man by the name of Nicolas, who was false and wick ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liber Nycholay
The ''Liber Nycholay'' (or ''Book of Nicholas'') is a Latin biography of Muhammad. It is an anonymous text, written in Italy in the Middle Ages, Italy in the later 13th century. Of no value as a historical source on Muhammad, it is a melding of various western Christian traditions concerning the origins of Islam written in such a way as to highlight the similarities between Islam and Catholic Christianity while satirizing the Roman curia, papal court. Manuscripts The full title as it appears in the manuscripts is ''Liber Nycholay, qui dicitur Machumetus, quomodo Christianam legem subuertit et credulitatem Sarracenorum fecit'', "The book of Nicholas, who is called Muhammad, about how he undermined the Christian law and framed the credulity of the Saracens". It is preserved in whole or in part in two manuscripts: *Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS lat. 14503, at folios 352r–354r *Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS Reg. lat. 627, at folios 17v–18v Only t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
De Machometo
''De Machometo'' ('On Muḥammad') is a brief anonymous Latin tract on the life of Muḥammad from a Christian point of view. It begins in the reign of Pope Boniface IV (608–615). Its account is cobbled together from a variety of sources, including the fifth dialogue of Petrus Alphonsi's ''Dialogi in quibus impiae Judaeorum confutantur'', the Corozan legend and possibly the ''Libellus in partibus transmarinis de Machometi fallaciis'' from Vincent of Beauvais's '' Speculum historiale''. The composite account is very similar to the account of Muḥammad found in the '' Golden Legend''. It is known from at least four manuscripts: * Copenhagen, Royal Danish Library, Acc. 2011/5, ff. 193r–194r (pp. 379–381), from the late 14th century *Cambridge, University Library, MS Dd.1.17, ff. 79rb–79rv (incomplete), from *London, British Library, MS Royal 13.E.IX, ff. 93r–94r, from 1395–1425 *London, British Library, MS Sloane 289, ff. 92v–95v, from the mid-15th century ''D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vita Mahometi
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''Vita Mahometi'' or ''Vita Machometi'' (Latin for 'life of Muhammad') may refer to: *''Vita Mahumeti'' of Embrico of Mainz (late 11th century) * ''Vita Machometi'' (Adelphus) (12th century) * ''Vita Mahometi'' (Uncastillo) (early 13th century) *''Vita Machometi'' (Pisa), better known as ''Where Wicked Muhammad Came From'' (late 13th century) See also *Latin biographies of Muhammad A number of Latin biographies of Muhammad were written during the 9th to 13th centuries. Overview The earliest Latin biographies originated in Spain before the mid-9th century. They had a limited circulation and influence. All other Latin biogra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corpus Cluniacense
The ''Corpus Cluniacense'' or ''Corpus Islamolatinum'', sometimes erroneously the ''Corpus Toledanum'', is a collection of Latin writings about Islam compiled in 1142–1143. At its centre are translations from Arabic of five Islamic works, including the Qurʾān. The corpus was commissioned by Abbot Peter the Venerable of Cluny during a trip to Spain. The team of translators was led by Robert of Ketton, who translated the Qurʾān. The other translators were Herman of Carinthia, Peter of Toledo and a Muslim named Muḥammad. They were assisted in their Latin by Peter of Poitiers. The ''Corpus'' comprises: #a brief introduction #''Summa totius haeresis ac diabolice secte Sarracenorum'' ('Sum of all the Heresies and Diabolical Sect of the Saracens'), this is a summary that Peter of Poitiers composed of Peter the Venerable's ''Liber contra sectam siue haeresim Sarracenorum'' #''Epistula domini Petri abbatis ad dominum Bernardum Clare Uallis abbatem'', this is Peter the Venerabl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peter Of Toledo
Peter of Toledo was a significant translator into Latin of the twelfth century. He was one of the team preparing the first Latin translation of the ''Qur'an'' (the ''Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete''). While not much is known of his life, from his fluency in Arabic he is assumed to have been a Mozarab. His activities as a translator suggest he worked at the Toledo School of Translators, which was supported by the archbishop of Toledo, Raymond de Sauvetât. Deficiencies in the translation of ''Apology of al-Kindy'', on which he is known to have worked, indicate that his knowledge of Classical Arabic was limited. In 1142, Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny, visited Spain and recruited a team of translators who were to translate five Arabic texts, including the Qur'an. The collection is known at the '' Corpus Cluniacense''. The translation work went on in 1142–1143. Peter of Toledo appears to have been the principal translator of only one of the texts, the ''Apology'', but he play ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apology Of Al-Kindi
''Apology of al-Kindi'' (also spelled al-Kindy) is a medieval theological polemic making a case for Christianity and drawing attention to alleged flaws in Islam. The word "apology" is a translation of the Arabic word ', and it is used in the sense of apologetics. It is attributed to an Arab Christian referred to as Abd al-Masih ibn Ishaq al-Kindi. This Al-Kindi is otherwise unknown, and is clearly different from the Muslim philosopher Abu Yûsuf ibn Ishâq al-Kindī. The significance of the work lies in its availability to Europe's educated elite from as early as the twelfth century as a source of information about Islam. Publishing history The date of composition of the ''Apology'' is controversial. The earliest surviving manuscripts of the Arabic text are seventeenth century. However, the Arabic manuscripts are predated by a twelfth-century Latin translation made in Spain, where the Arabic text is assumed to have been circulating among Mozarabs.P.S. van KoningsveldThe Ap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
