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Laponite
Laponite is a synthetic smectite clay invented in 1962 by clay scientist Barbara Neumann. Usually produced as powder, laponite is a nanomaterial made up of very small disk-shaped crystals used in multiple industrial applications. Laponite was first marketed by the company Laporte plc and is currently produced by BYK Additives & Instruments. Laponite is not an approved mineral species, since it is not naturally occurring and it is not produced by geological processes. In the first formulation of laponite created by Neumann in 1962, the synthetic clay was determined to be a fluorohectorite and was produced in the form of discs 1 nanometer thick and with a diameter of 60 to 80 nanometers. This went into mass production in 1964. The mineral structure of the clay gives laponite its particular physical characteristics and is similar to the smectite group of clay minerals, with a 2:1 layered crystal structure in which two tetrahedral silica sheets lie either side of an octahedral sheet c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barbara Neumann
Barbara Zsusanna Neumann (; 30 November 1914 – 25 November 2002) was a Hungarian mineralogist and clay scientist who invented the chemical synthesis, synthetic clay laponite. In 2022, the Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland named their senior medal in her honour. Biography Neumann () was born in Szolnok, Hungary on 30 November 1914, to Jewish parents. She moved to Budapest, and completed a degree in physics, and doctorate in X-ray diffraction. In 1939, she married Gyorgy Emődi. Emődi was conscripted into the army and died of typhus early in World War II. During her PhD, Neumann studied the mineralogical structures of clays using X-ray diffraction. One of the samples she worked on was a natural clay called Fuller's earth, provided by the Fuller's Earth Union. In 1939, Neumann wrote to the FEU suggesting that she could help to improve their product. Following an interview, Neumann secured a job with the company, and moved to Redhill, Surrey. Fuller's Earth Unio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laporte Plc
Laporte plc was a leading British chemicals business that operated from 1888 to 2000. It was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. History The Company was founded by Bernard Laporte, a German Chemist, in 1888 as a supplier of peroxide to bleach straw boating hats.Degussa-Huels buys Laporte outright The Scotsman, 16 December 2000 It subsequently diversified into other aspects of bleaching and commercial laundry chemicals. In the 1980s it disposed of its manufacturing operations. In 1993 it acquired ''Evode Group plc'', suppliers of s and specialties. It went on to buy ''Aztec Peroxides Inc.'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smectite
A smectite (; ; ) is a mineral mixture of various swelling sheet silicates (phyllosilicates), which have a three-layer 2:1 (TOT) structure and belong to the clay minerals. Smectites mainly consist of montmorillonite, but can often contain secondary minerals such as quartz and calcite. Terminology In clay mineralogy, smectite is synonym of montmorillonite (also the name of a pure clay mineral phase) to indicate a class of swelling clays. The term smectite is commonly used in Europe and in the UK while the term montmorillonite is preferred in North America, but both terms are equivalent and can be used interchangeably. For industrial and commercial applications, the term bentonite is mostly used in place of smectite or montmorillonite. Mineralogical structure The 2:1 layer (TOT) structure consists of two Silicon dioxide, silica (SiO2) Tetrahedral molecular geometry, tetrahedral (T) layers which are electrostatically cross-linked via an Al2O3 (gibbsite), or Fe2O3, Octahedral mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nanomaterial
Nanomaterials describe, in principle, chemical substances or materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale). Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging advances in materials metrology and synthesis which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, thermo-physical or mechanical properties. Nanomaterials are slowly becoming commercialized and beginning to emerge as commodities. Definition In ISO/TS 80004, ''nanomaterial'' is defined as the "material with any external dimension in the nanoscale or having internal structure or surface structure in the nanoscale", with ''nanoscale'' defined as the "length range approximately from 1 nm to 100 nm". This includes both ''nano-objects'', which are discrete pieces of material, and ''nanostructur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BYK Additives & Instruments
BYK is a globally operating supplier of additives and measuring instruments. The areas of application of BYK additives include the coatings, inks, plastics and oil/gas industries, the manufacture of care products, the manufacture of adhesives and sealants, and construction chemistry. The instruments section (BYK-Gardner GmbH) develops measuring instruments for evaluating the color, appearance and physical properties of coatings, plastics and paper surfaces. BYK is one of four Divisions within the ALTANA Group. BYK Additives & Instruments employs around 2,500 people worldwide. In 2024 BYK, saw an 11 percent increase in both nominal and operating sales, reaching 1.337 billion euros. on altana.com History In 1873,[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mineral
In geology and mineralogy, a mineral or mineral species is, broadly speaking, a solid substance with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure that occurs naturally in pure form.John P. Rafferty, ed. (2011): Minerals'; p. 1. In the series ''Geology: Landforms, Minerals, and Rocks''. Rosen Publishing Group. The Geology, geological definition of mineral normally excludes compounds that occur only in living organisms. However, some minerals are often biogenic (such as calcite) or organic compounds in the sense of chemistry (such as mellite). Moreover, living organisms often synthesize inorganic minerals (such as hydroxylapatite) that also occur in rocks. The concept of mineral is distinct from rock (geology), rock, which is any bulk solid geologic material that is relatively homogeneous at a large enough scale. A rock may consist of one type of mineral or may be an aggregate (geology), aggregate of two or more different types of minerals, spaci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hectorite
Hectorite is a rare soft, greasy, white clay mineral with a chemical formula of . Hectorite was first described in 1941 and named for an occurrence in the United States near Hector, California (in San Bernardino County, California, 30 miles east of Barstow.) Hectorite occurs with bentonite as an alteration product of clinoptilolite from volcanic ash and tuff with a high glass content. Hectorite is also found in the beige/brown clay ghassoul, mined in the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. A large deposit of hectorite is also found at the Thacker Pass lithium deposit, located within the McDermitt Caldera in Nevada. The Thacker Pass lithium deposit could be a significant source of lithium. Despite its rarity, it is economically viable as the Hector mine sits over a large deposit of the mineral. Hectorite is mostly used in making cosmetics, but has uses in chemical and other industrial applications, and is a mineral source for refined lithium metal. See also * Classification of m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stevensite
Stevensite is a white clay mineral composed of hydrated calcium, sodium and magnesium silicate, with the chemical formula (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2. The mineral is a member of smectite A smectite (; ; ) is a mineral mixture of various swelling sheet silicates (phyllosilicates), which have a three-layer 2:1 (TOT) structure and belong to the clay minerals. Smectites mainly consist of montmorillonite, but can often contain secon .... The mineral is named after Edwin Augustus Stevens. Stevensite can be found at the Dean Quarry. References {{Mineral-stub Smectite group ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nontronite
Nontronite is the iron(III) rich member of the smectite group of clay minerals. Nontronites typically have a chemical composition consisting of more than ~30% Fe2 O3 and less than ~12% Al2O3 (ignited basis). Nontronite has very few economic deposits like montmorillonite. Like montmorillonite, nontronite can have variable amounts of adsorbed water associated with the interlayer surfaces and the exchange cations. A typical structural formula for nontronite is Ca.5( Si7Al.8Fe.2)(Fe3.5Al.4 Mg.1)O20(O H)4. The dioctahedral sheet of nontronite is composed mainly of trivalent iron (Fe3+) cations, although some substitution by trivalent aluminium (Al3+) and divalent magnesium (Mg2+) does occur. The tetrahedral sheet is composed mainly of silicon (Si4+), but can have substantial (about 1 in 8) substitution of either Fe3+ or Al3+, or combinations of these two cations. Thus, nontronite typically is characterised by having most (usually greater than 60%) of the layer charge located in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clay
Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolinite, ). Most pure clay minerals are white or light-coloured, but natural clays show a variety of colours from impurities, such as a reddish or brownish colour from small amounts of iron oxide. Clays develop plasticity (physics), plasticity when wet but can be hardened through Pottery#Firing, firing. Clay is the longest-known ceramic material. Prehistoric humans discovered the useful properties of clay and used it for making pottery. Some of the earliest pottery shards have been radiocarbon dating, dated to around 14,000 BCE, and Clay tablet, clay tablets were the first known writing medium. Clay is used in many modern industrial processes, such as paper making, cement production, and chemical filtration, filtering. Between one-half and two-thirds of the world's population live or work in buildings made with clay, often baked into brick, as an essenti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smectite Group
A smectite (; ; ) is a mineral mixture of various swelling sheet silicates (phyllosilicates), which have a three-layer 2:1 (TOT) structure and belong to the clay minerals. Smectites mainly consist of montmorillonite, but can often contain secondary minerals such as quartz and calcite. Terminology In clay mineralogy, smectite is synonym of montmorillonite (also the name of a pure clay mineral phase) to indicate a class of swelling clays. The term smectite is commonly used in Europe and in the UK while the term montmorillonite is preferred in North America, but both terms are equivalent and can be used interchangeably. For industrial and commercial applications, the term bentonite is mostly used in place of smectite or montmorillonite. Mineralogical structure The 2:1 layer (TOT) structure consists of two silica (SiO2) tetrahedral (T) layers which are electrostatically cross-linked via an Al2O3 ( gibbsite), or Fe2O3, octahedral (O) central layer. The TOT elementary layers are n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials describe, in principle, chemical substances or materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale). Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging advances in materials metrology and synthesis which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, thermo-physical or mechanical properties. Nanomaterials are slowly becoming commercialized and beginning to emerge as commodities. Definition In ISO/TS 80004, ''nanomaterial'' is defined as the "material with any external dimension in the nanoscale or having internal structure or surface structure in the nanoscale", with ''nanoscale'' defined as the "length range approximately from 1 nm to 100 nm". This includes both ''nano-objects'', which are discrete pieces of material, and ''nanostructu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
