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Language Intensity
Most investigators accept the definition of language intensity proposed by John Waite Bowers: a quality of language that "indicates the degree to which toward a concept deviates from neutrality." Intensity as a lexical variable in communication studies has generated extensive empirical research. Theoretical setting A theory proposed by Bradac, Bowers, and Courtright (1979, 1980) asserts causal relationships among intensity and a number of other psychological, social, and communication variables. An experimental study by Hamilton, Hunter, and Burgoon (1990) generally supports the relationships proposed by the theory at least in the limited domain of persuasion. Intensity has been related to: * Other message variables including verbal immediacy, lexical diversity, message style, and verbal aggressiveness. * Psychological variables such as cognitive stress, arousal, and need for approval. * Attributional variables including attributions of source internality, attributions of s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lexical Variable
Lexical may refer to: Linguistics * Lexical corpus or lexis, a complete set of all words in a language * Lexical item, a basic unit of lexicographical classification * Lexicon, the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge * Lexical (semiotics) or content word, words referring to ''things'', as opposed to having only grammatical meaning ** Lexical verb, a member of an open class of verbs that includes all verbs except auxiliary verbs * Lexical aspect, a characteristic of the meaning of verbs * Lexical form, the canonical form of a word, under which it appears in dictionaries * Lexical definition or dictionary definition, the meaning of a term in common usage * Lexical semantics, a subfield of linguistic semantics that studies how and what the words of a language denote Computing * Lexical analysis, the process of converting a sequence of characters into a sequence of tokens * Lexical Markup Framework, the ISO standard for natural language processing and machine-read ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communication Studies
Communication studies or communication science is an academic discipline that deals with processes of human communication and behavior, patterns of communication in interpersonal relationships, social interactions and communication in different cultures. Communication is commonly defined as giving, receiving or exchanging ideas, information, signals or messages through appropriate media, enabling individuals or groups to persuade, to seek information, to give information or to express emotions effectively. Communication studies is a social science that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge that encompasses a range of topics, from face-to-face conversation at a level of individual agency and interaction to social and cultural communication systems at a macro level. Scholarly communication theorists focus primarily on refining the theoretical understanding of communication, examining statistics in order to hel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Verbal Immediacy
Verbal may refer to: People *Verbal (rapper) (born 1975), Japanese rapper and music producer * Verbal Kent (born 1978), alternative hip hop artist from Chicago * Verbal Jint (born 1980), South Korean musician, rapper and record producer Language * Something expressed with speech, rather than writing * Pertaining to verbs ** Verbal noun, a noun formed from a corresponding verb ** A word or group of words that functions as the head of a verb phrase * Person characterised by verbosity or fluency * Anything pertaining to language or the use of words, as opposed to nonverbal communication Other uses * Roger "Verbal" Kint, a character in the 1995 film ''The Usual Suspects'' * ''Verbal'', a magazine published by the Verbal Arts Centre, Northern Ireland * ''Verbal'', a track on Amon Tobin's EP ''Verbal Remixes & Collaborations ''Verbal Remixes & Collaborations'' is an EP released by Amon Tobin in 2003. It features tracks from two previously released 12" EPs: ''Verbal (Remixes)'' an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lexical Diversity
Lexical diversity is one aspect of 'lexical richness' and refers to the ratio of different unique word stems (types) to the total number of words ( tokens). The term is used in applied linguistics and is quantitatively calculated using numerous different measures including Type-Token Ratio (TTR), vocd, and the measure of textual lexical diversity (MTLD). A common problem with lexical diversity measures, especially TTR, is that text samples containing large number of tokens give lower values for TTR since it is often necessary for the writer or speaker to re-use several function words In linguistics, function words (also called functors) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning and express grammatical relationships among other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. .... One consequence of this is that lexical diversity is better used for comparing texts of equal length. Newer measures of lexical diversity attempt to a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Message Style
A message is a discrete unit of communication intended by the source for consumption by some recipient or group of recipients. A message may be delivered by various means, including courier, telegraphy, carrier pigeon and electronic bus. A message can be the content of a broadcast. An interactive exchange of messages forms a conversation. One example of a message is a press release, which may vary from a brief report or statement released by a public agency to commercial publicity material. History Roles in human communication In communication between humans, messages can be verbal or nonverbal: * A verbal message is an exchange of information using words. Examples include face-to-face communication, telephone calls, voicemails, email etc. * A nonverbal message is communicated through actions or behaviors rather than words, such as conscious or unconscious body language. In computer science There are two main senses of the word "message" in computing: messages b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Verbal Aggressiveness
Verbal aggressiveness in communication has been studied to examine the underlying message of how the aggressive communicator gains control over different things that occur, through the usage of verbal aggressiveness. Scholars have identified that individuals who express verbal aggressiveness have the goal of controlling and manipulating others through language. Infante and Wigley defined verbal aggressiveness as "a personality trait that predisposes persons to attack the self-concepts of other people instead of, or in addition to, their positions on topics of communication". Self-concept can be described as a group of values and beliefs that one has. Verbal aggressiveness is thought to be mainly a destructive form of communication, but it can produce positive outcomes. Infante and Wigley described aggressive behavior in interpersonal communication as products of individual's aggressive traits and the way the person perceives the aggressive circumstances that prevents them or someth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cognitive Stress
Cognition refers to "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses". It encompasses all aspects of intellectual functions and processes such as: perception, attention, thought, intelligence, the formation of knowledge, memory and working memory, judgment and evaluation, reasoning and computation, problem solving and decision making, comprehension and production of language. Imagination is also a cognitive process, it is considered as such because it involves thinking about possibilities. Cognitive processes use existing knowledge and discover new knowledge. Cognitive processes are analyzed from different perspectives within different contexts, notably in the fields of linguistics, musicology, anesthesia, neuroscience, psychiatry, psychology, education, philosophy, anthropology, biology, systemics, logic, and computer science. These and other approaches to the analysis of cognition (such as embodied cognition) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Source Internality
Source may refer to: Research * Historical document * Historical source * Source (intelligence) or sub source, typically a confidential provider of non open-source intelligence * Source (journalism), a person, publication, publishing institute or other record or document that gives information * Source document, a document in which data collected for a clinical trial is first recorded * Source text, in research (especially in the humanities), a source of information referred to by citation ** Primary source, a first-hand written evidence of history made at the time of the event by someone who was present ** Secondary source, a written account of history based upon the evidence from primary sources ** Tertiary source, a compilation based upon primary and secondary sources * Sources (website), a directory of expert contacts and media spokespersons * Open source, a philosophy of dissemination of intellectual products Law * Sources of international law, the materials and processes o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Congruence Relation
In abstract algebra, a congruence relation (or simply congruence) is an equivalence relation on an algebraic structure (such as a group, ring, or vector space) that is compatible with the structure in the sense that algebraic operations done with equivalent elements will yield equivalent elements. Every congruence relation has a corresponding quotient structure, whose elements are the equivalence classes (or congruence classes) for the relation. Basic example The prototypical example of a congruence relation is congruence modulo n on the set of integers. For a given positive integer n, two integers a and b are called congruent modulo n, written : a \equiv b \pmod if a - b is divisible by n (or equivalently if a and b have the same remainder when divided by n). For example, 37 and 57 are congruent modulo 10, : 37 \equiv 57 \pmod since 37 - 57 = -20 is a multiple of 10, or equivalently since both 37 and 57 have a remainder of 7 when divided by 10. Congruence modulo n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Discrepancy Function
In structural equation modeling, a discrepancy function is a mathematical function which describes how closely a structural model conforms to observed data; it is a measure of goodness of fit. Larger values of the discrepancy function indicate a poor fit of the model to data. In general, the parameter estimates for a given model are chosen so as to make the discrepancy function for that model as small as possible. Analogous concepts in statistics are known as goodness of fit or statistical distance, and include deviance and divergence. Examples There are several basic types of discrepancy functions, including maximum likelihood (ML), generalized least squares (GLS), and ordinary least squares (OLS), which are considered the "classical" discrepancy functions. Discrepancy functions all meet the following basic criteria: *They are non-negative, i.e., always greater than or equal to zero. *They are zero only if the fit is perfect, i.e., if the model and parameter estimates perfectly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Response Rate (survey)
In survey research, response rate, also known as completion rate or return rate, is the number of people who answered the survey divided by the number of people in the sample. It is usually expressed in the form of a percentage In mathematics, a percentage (from la, per centum, "by a hundred") is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. It is often denoted using the percent sign, "%", although the abbreviations "pct.", "pct" and sometimes "pc" are also .... The term is also used in direct marketing to refer to the number of people who responded to an offer. The general consensus in academic surveys is to choose one of thsix definitions summarized by the American Association for Public Opinion Research(AAPOR). These definitions are endorsed by the National Research Council and the Journal of the American Medical Association, among other well recognized institutions. They are: # Response Rate 1 (RR1) – or the minimum response rate, is the number of complete ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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