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Langley Hawkins Murder Case
In May 1920, white European settler Langley Hawkins discovered money and documents were missing from his house in Kiambu County in the British East Africa Protectorate. He summoned a Black African policeman from nearby Ruiru and the pair proceeded to beat and torture three of Hawkins' black male employees and a pregnant black woman to extract information relating to the theft. One of the employees, Mucheru, died during the torture and the woman later miscarried. The policeman, Kisanda, died by suicide, but Hawkins was brought to trial on one count of murder and three of grievous hurt. A male all-white jury returned one guilty verdict for grievous hurt and two on lesser charges of simple hurt. Hawkins received a sentence of two years' imprisonment, relatively harsh for the offences he was convicted of but much less than would be expected had Hawkins been convicted on more serious charges. The case was one of a number of similar outcomes that raised concern in the British ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Africa Protectorate
East Africa Protectorate (also known as British East Africa) was an area in the African Great Lakes occupying roughly the same terrain as present-day Kenya from the Indian Ocean inland to the border with Uganda in the west. Controlled by Britain in the late 19th century, it grew out of British commercial interests in the area in the 1880s and remained a protectorate until 1920 when it became the Colony of Kenya, save for an independent coastal strip that became the Kenya Protectorate.Kenya Protectorate Order in Council, 1920 S.R.O. 1920 No. 2343, S.R.O. & S.I. Rev. VIII, 258, State Pp., Vol. 87 p. 968 Administration European missionaries began settling in the area from Mombasa to Mount Kilimanjaro in the 1840s, nominally under the protection of the Sultanate of Zanzibar. In 1886, the British government encouraged William Mackinnon, who already had an agreement with the Sultan and whose shipping company traded extensively in the African Great Lakes, to establish British infl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miscarriage
Miscarriage, also known in medical terms as a spontaneous abortion and pregnancy loss, is the death of an embryo or fetus before it is able to survive independently. Miscarriage before 6 weeks of gestation is defined by ESHRE as biochemical loss. Once ultrasound or histological evidence shows that a pregnancy has existed, the used term is clinical miscarriage, which can be ''early'' before 12 weeks and ''late'' between 12-21 weeks. Fetal death after 20 weeks of gestation is also known as a stillbirth. The most common symptom of a miscarriage is vaginal bleeding with or without pain. Sadness, anxiety, and guilt may occur afterwards. Tissue and clot-like material may leave the uterus and pass through and out of the vagina. Recurrent miscarriage (also referred to medically as Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion or RSA) may also be considered a form of infertility. Risk factors for miscarriage include being an older parent, previous miscarriage, exposure to tobacco smoke, ob ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Byrne (British Army Officer)
Brigadier-General Sir Joseph Aloysius Byrne (2 October 1874 – 13 November 1942) was the Royal Irish Constabulary's Inspector-General from 1916 until 1920. He later served in Sierra Leone, Seychelles and Kenya. Biography Byrne was born on 2 October 1874, the son of Dr J. Byrne, Deputy Lieutenant for County Londonderry. He was educated at St George's College, Weybridge.Robert M. Maxon, Thomas P. Ofcansky, Historical Dictionary of Kenya, Rowman & Littlefield, 9 Sep 2014, p.41 He joined the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers and was commissioned a second lieutenant on 23 December 1893, then promoted to lieutenant on 1 June 1897. After the outbreak of war in South Africa in October 1899, Byrne was with the 1st battalion of his regiment as it arrived in Durban for war service later the same year. The regiment soon saw heavy fighting, and Byrne was wounded at the Siege of Ladysmith, following which he returned home on the hospital ship ''Maine'' in March 1900. Promoted to captain on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Devonshire White Paper
The Devonshire White Paper or Devonshire Declaration was a document written in 1923 by the colonial secretary Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire, regarding the status of settlers and natives in the Kenya Colony, and East Africa more broadly. The paper stated that whenever the interests of the native Africans clashed with those of Asian, European, or Arab settlers, those of the Africans should prevail. The Declaration blocked the move towards self-government advocated by the colonialists, and in its place advocated a policy of trusteeship, whereby the imperial state would protect the interests of Africans. Although the Paper had little effect on the welfare of native Africans, it nonetheless set a precedent for future conflict resolution between the various groups living in the colony. Background The Legislative Council established to govern the East African Protectorate originally consisted of three appointed white settlers. However, other white settlers in the colony resente ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Colonial Governors And Administrators Of Kenya
This article contains a list of chairmen, administrators, commissioners and governors of British Kenya Colony. The office of Governor of Kenya was replaced by the office of Governor General in 1963 and then later replaced by a President of Kenya, upon Kenya becoming a Republic in 1964. For continuation after independence, ''see: ''List of heads of state of Kenya. Chairmen/Administrators of the Imperial British East Africa Company Commissioners and Governors of the East Africa Protectorate/Kenya See also * Kenya ** List of heads of state of Kenya ** Prime Minister of Kenya ** Deputy President of Kenya * Lists of office-holders References {{DEFAULTSORT:Colonial Governors And Administrators Of Kenya Colonial governors and administrators Colonial governors and administrators Colonial governors and administrators, Kenya Kenya Colonial governors and administrators Colonial or The Colonial may refer to: * Colonial, of, relating to, or characteristic of a colony or co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secretary Of State For The Colonies
The secretary of state for the colonies or colonial secretary was the British Cabinet minister in charge of managing the United Kingdom's various colonial dependencies. History The position was first created in 1768 to deal with the increasingly troublesome North American colonies, following passage of the Townsend Acts. Previously, colonial responsibilities were held jointly by the lords of trade and plantations and the secretary of state for the Southern Department, who was responsible for Ireland, the American colonies, and relations with the Catholic and Muslim states of Europe, as well as being jointly responsible for domestic affairs with the Secretary of State for the Northern Department. Joint responsibility continued under the secretary of state for the colonies, but led to a diminution of the board's status, and it became an adjunct to the new secretary's department. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
London
London is the capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major settlement for two millennia. The City of London, its ancient core and financial centre, was founded by the Roman Empire, Romans as ''Londinium'' and retains its medieval boundaries.See also: Independent city#National capitals, Independent city § National capitals The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has for centuries hosted the national Government of the United Kingdom, government and Parliament of the United Kingdom, parliament. Since the 19th century, the name "London" has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between the Counties of England, counties of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which largely comprises Greater London ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jasper Abraham Murder Case
In June 1923, British settler Jasper Abraham was tried for the murder of African labourer Kitosh in the Kenya Colony. Kitosh had died after a Flagellation, flogging administered by Abraham and his employees at a farm near the town of Molo, Kenya. The jury, Racial discrimination in jury selection, which was all-white and composed of Abraham's acquaintances, found him guilty of a lesser charge of "grievous hurt" and he was sentenced to two years' imprisonment. The sentence, widely regarded as overly lenient, brought condemnation from the Government of the United Kingdom, British government's Colonial Office regarding the way the case had been handled by the colony's judicial system and the continued use of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) in Kenya, which differed significantly from English law in its treatment of homicide. A succession of British secretaries of state attempted to impose legal reform on the colony, though these were resisted by Chief Justice of Kenya Jacob William Bart ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fine (penalty)
A fine or mulct (the latter synonym typically used in civil law) is a penalty of money that a court of law or other authority decides has to be paid as punishment for a crime or other offense. The amount of a fine can be determined case by case, but it is often announced in advance. The most usual use of the term is for financial punishments for the commission of crimes, especially minor crimes, or as the settlement of a claim. One common example of a fine is money paid for violations of traffic laws. Currently in English common law, relatively small fines are used either in place of or alongside community service orders for low-level criminal offences. Larger fines are also given independently or alongside shorter prison sentences when the judge or magistrate considers a considerable amount of retribution is necessary, but there is unlikely to be significant danger to the public. For instance, fraud is often punished by very large fines since fraudsters are typical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Watts And Betchart Murder Case
Harry Watts, a European settler, operated a farm in the British East Africa Protectorate. On 2 April 1918, he was summoned by two black employees who had caught a black Kenyan named Mutunga, apparently in the act of stealing a bag of flour from the farm. Watts beat Mutunga with a kiboko whip, leaving him seriously wounded. He ordered his farm manager Cyprian Betchart, another European, to take Mutunga to the police station. Betchart instead tied him up in his house before carrying him away later that night and attempting to burn his body. The fire was seen by a black Kenyan who alerted the police, who arrested the two Europeans on murder charges. An Asian police surgeon determined Mutunga had suffered multiple injuries but had died by strangulation. Watts and Betchart were tried at the High Court in September. Their defence lawyer attempted to discredit the police surgeon and the black witnesses. The all-European jury returned not-guilty verdicts on the murder charges and foun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reasonable Person
In law, a reasonable person, reasonable man, or the man on the Clapham omnibus, is a hypothetical person of legal fiction crafted by the courts and communicated through case law and jury instructions. Strictly according to the fiction, it is misconceived for a party to seek evidence from actual people to establish how the reasonable man would have acted or what he would have foreseen. This person's character and care conduct under any ''common set of facts,'' is decided through reasoning of good practice or policy—or "learned" permitting there is a compelling consensus of public opinion—by high courts. In some practices, for circumstances arising from an ''uncommon set of facts,'' this person is seen to represent a composite of a relevant community's judgement as to how a typical member of said community should behave in situations that might pose a threat of harm (through action or inaction) to the public. However, cases resulting in judgment notwithstanding verdict ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
