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Lactosylceramide
The Lactosylceramides, also known as LacCer, are a class of glycosphingolipids composed of a variable hydrophobic ceramide lipid and a hydrophilic sugar moiety. Lactosylceramides are found in microdomains on the plasma layers of numerous cells. Moreover, they are a type of ceramide including lactose, which is an example of a globoside. Composition As with many lipids, the chemical formula and molecular weight varies depending on the fatty-acid present. As one example, the chemical formula of Lactosylceramide (d18:1/12:0) is C42H79NO13, which has 806.088 g/mol of molar mass, and the IUPAC name of this species is N-(dodecanoyl)-1-beta-lactosyl-sphing-4-enine. Function Lactosylceramides were initially called 'cytolipin H'. It is found in small amounts in most tissues, however, it has various organic capacities and it is of significance as the biosynthetic forerunner of the greater part of the impartial oligoglycosylceramides, sulfatides and gangliosides. In tissues, biosyn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lactosylceramide Alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase
In enzymology, a lactosylceramide alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide \rightleftharpoons CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D- glucosylceramide Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are CMP-N-acetylneuraminate and beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide, whereas its 3 products are CMP, alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-, and glucosylceramide. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those glycosyltransferases that do not transfer hexosyl or pentosyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:lactosylceramide alpha-2,3-N-acetylneuraminyltransferase. Other names in common use include cytidine monophosphoacetylneuraminate-lactosylceramide alpha2,3-, sialyltransferase, CMP-acetylneuraminate-lactosylceramide-sialyltransferase, CMP-acetylneuraminic ac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GAL3ST1
Galactosylceramide sulfotransferase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''GAL3ST1'' gene. Sulfonation, an important step in the metabolism of many drugs, xenobiotics, hormones, and neurotransmitters, is catalyzed by sulfotransferases. The product of this gene is galactosylceramide sulfotransferase which catalyzes the conversion between 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate + a galactosylceramide to adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + galactosylceramide sulfate. Activity of this sulfotransferase is enhanced in renal cell carcinoma Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a kidney cancer that originates in the lining of the Proximal tubule, proximal convoluted tubule, a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport primary urine. RCC is the most common type of kidney cance .... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-22-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lactosylceramide 1,3-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyltransferase
In enzymology, a lactosylceramide 1,3-N-anning-beta-D-glrofelucosaminyltlolferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide \rightleftharpoons UDP + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D- glucosylceramide Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide, whereas its 3 products are UDP, N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-, and glucosylceramide. This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide beta-1,3-acetylglucosaminyltransferase. Other names in common use include LA2 synthase, beta1->3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-lactosylceramide, beta-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, and lactosylceramide beta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ST3GAL5
Lactosylceramide alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ST3GAL5'' gene. Ganglioside GM3 is known to participate in the induction of cell differentiation, modulation of cell proliferation, maintenance of fibroblast morphology, signal transduction, and integrin-mediated cell adhesion. The protein encoded by this gene is a type II membrane protein which catalyzes the formation of GM3 using lactosylceramide as the substrate. The encoded protein is a member of glycosyltransferase family 29 and may be localized to the Golgi apparatus. Mutation in this gene has been associated with Amish infantile epilepsy syndrome. Transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Mutations in this gene have also been associated to ‘Salt & Pepper’ syndrome: an autosomal recessive condition characterized by severe intellectual disability, epilepsy, scoliosis, choreoathetosis, dysmorphic A dysmorphic feature is an abnormal differenc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glycosphingolipid
Glycosphingolipids are a subtype of glycolipids containing the amino alcohol sphingosine. They may be considered as sphingolipids with an attached carbohydrate. Glycosphingolipids are a group of lipids (more specifically, sphingolipids) and are a part of the cell membrane. They consist of a hydrophobic ceramide part and a glycosidically bound carbohydrate part. This oligosaccharide content remains on the outside of the cell membrane where it is important for biological processes such as cell adhesion or cell–cell interactions. Glycosphingolipids also play an important role in oncogenesis and ontogenesis. Classification In general, glycosphingolipids can be categorized into two groups: neutral glycosphingolipids (also called glycosphingolipids) and negatively charged glycosphingolipids. The latter can be distinguished again by means of the charge carrier. While in gangliosides sialic acids are found, sulfatides have a sulfate group. The structural similarity of most glycoli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lung Cancer
Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a malignant tumor that begins in the lung. Lung cancer is caused by genetic damage to the DNA of cells in the airways, often caused by cigarette smoking or inhaling damaging chemicals. Damaged airway cells gain the ability to multiply unchecked, causing the growth of a tumor. Without treatment, tumors spread throughout the lung, damaging lung function. Eventually lung tumors metastasize, spreading to other parts of the body. Early lung cancer often has no symptoms and can only be detected by medical imaging. As the cancer progresses, most people experience nonspecific respiratory problems: coughing, shortness of breath, or chest pain. Other symptoms depend on the location and size of the tumor. Those suspected of having lung cancer typically undergo a series of imaging tests to determine the location and extent of any tumors. Definitive diagnosis of lung cancer requires a biopsy of the suspected tumor be examined by a patholo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GBA1
β-Glucocerebrosidase (also called acid β-glucosidase, D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine glucohydrolase, or GCase) is an enzyme with glucosylceramidase activity () that cleaves by hydrolysis the β-glycosidic linkage of the chemical glucocerebroside, an intermediate in glycolipid metabolism that is abundant in cell membranes (particularly skin cells). It is localized in the lysosome, where it remains associated with the lysosomal membrane. β-Glucocerebrosidase is 497 amino acids in length and has a molecular mass of 59,700 Da. Structure β-Glucocerebrosidase is a member of the glycoside hydrolase family 30 and consists of three distinct domains (I-III). File:Structure of human beta-glucocerebrosidase @.png, Three-dimensional PyMol rendering of glucocerebrosidase with three domains highlighted. File:Glucocerebrosidase active site.png, Three-dimensional PyMol rendering of glucocerebrosidase with catalytic residues highlighted. Domain I (residues 1–27 and 383–414) forms a thre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults and is currently the most common cause of death in people with cirrhosis. HCC is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. HCC most commonly occurs in those with chronic liver disease especially those with cirrhosis or fibrosis, which occur in the setting of chronic liver injury and inflammation. HCC is rare in those without chronic liver disease. Chronic liver diseases which greatly increase the risk of HCC include hepatitis infection such as (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, C or hepatitis D, D), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), alcoholic liver disease, or exposure to toxins such as aflatoxin, or pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Certain diseases, such as HFE hereditary haemochromatosis, hemochromatosis and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, markedly increase the risk of developing HCC. The five-year survival in those with HCC is 18%. As with any cancer, the treatment and prognosis of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma, previously known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is the most aggressive and most common type of cancer that originates in the brain, and has a very poor prognosis for survival. Initial signs and symptoms of glioblastoma are nonspecific. They may include headaches, personality changes, nausea, and symptoms similar to those of a stroke. Symptoms often worsen rapidly and may progress to unconsciousness. The cause of most cases of glioblastoma is not known. Uncommon risk factors include genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis and Li–Fraumeni syndrome, and previous radiation therapy. Glioblastomas represent 15% of all brain tumors. They are thought to arise from astrocytes. The diagnosis typically is made by a combination of a CT scan, MRI scan, and tissue biopsy. There is no known method of preventing the cancer. Treatment usually involves surgery, after which chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used. The medication temozolomide is frequently used a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flippase
Flippases are transmembrane lipid transporter proteins located in the cell membrane. They are responsible for aiding the movement of phospholipid molecules between the two layers, or leaflets, that comprise the membrane. This is called transverse diffusion, also known as "flip-flop" transition. Flippases move lipids to the cytosolic layer, usually from the extracellular layer. Floppases do the opposite, moving lipids to the extracellular layer. Both flippases and floppases are powered by ATP hydrolysis and are either P4-ATPases or ATP-Binding Cassette transporters. Scramblases are energy-independent and transport lipids in both directions. Lateral and transverse movements In organisms, the cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer. Phospholipid molecules are movable in the bilayer. These movements are categorized into two types: lateral movements and transverse movements (also called flip-flop). The first is the lateral movement, where the phospholipid moves horizontal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
