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Labour Battalions (Ottoman Empire)
Ottoman labour battalions (, , , , ) were a form of unfree labour in the late Ottoman Empire. The term is associated with the disarmament and murder of Ottoman Armenian soldiers during World War I, of Ottoman Greeks during the Greek genocide in the Ottoman Empire and also during the Turkish War of Independence. Overview During World War I, the Ottoman Empire relied on the labor battalions for the logistical organization of the army. The Empire had a scarce railway infrastructure at the time. According to Hilmar Kaiser, men assigned to the battalions varied between 25,000 and 50,000, depending on whether it was war or peace. The laborers were assigned to perform construction works on the roads and railways and to transport the supplies the army needed in the battle front. Most of the recruits were Christians, amongst which the Armenians were the largest contingent besides the Greeks and Syriac Christians. Armenians in labour battalions Armenians did not serve in the arme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Labor Battalions (Amele Taburu)
Labour or labor may refer to: * Childbirth, the delivery of a baby * Labour (human activity), or work ** Manual labour, physical work ** Wage labour, a socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer ** Organized labour and the labour movement, consisting principally of labour unions ** Labour Party or Labor Party, a name used by several political parties Literature * ''Labor'' (journal), an American quarterly on the history of the labor movement * '' Labour/Le Travail'', an academic journal focusing on the Canadian labour movement * ''Labor'' (Tolstoy book) or ''The Triumph of the Farmer or Industry and Parasitism'' (1888) Places * La Labor, Honduras * Labor, Koper, Slovenia Other uses * ''Labour'' (song), 2023 single by Paris Paloma * ''Labor'' (album), a 2013 album by MEN * Labor (area), a Spanish customary unit * "Labor", an episode of TV series '' Superstore'' * Labour (constituency), a functional constituency in Hong Kong elections * Labors, fictional r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thea Halo
Thea Halo (born 1941) is an American writer and painter of Assyrian and Pontic Greek heritage. Born in New York City, she is the 8th child of Abraham and Sano Halo (original name Euthemia "Themia", Pontic Greek: Ευθυμία). Thea began writing poetry and short-stories in 1992 and in 2000 she published her book '' Not Even My Name'' (), the memoir of her mother who belonged to Turkey's Pontic Greek minority, natives of the Black Sea coast region of Turkey known as Pontus. Sano "Themia" Halo was a recipient of the New York State Governor's Award for excellence in honor of Women's History Month, "Celebrating Women of Courage and Vision." '' Not Even My Name'' is the story of Sano (Themia) Halo's survival of the death march, at age ten, during the Greek genocide that killed her family. The title refers to Themia being renamed to Sano by an Assyrian family who could not pronounce her Greek name, after they took her in as a servant during the Greek genocide. The story is told by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Military Units And Formations Of The Ottoman Empire
A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily Weapon, armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. Militaries are typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with their members identifiable by a distinct military uniform. They may consist of one or more military branches such as an army, navy, air force, space force, marines, or coast guard. The main task of a military is usually defined as defence of their state and its interests against external armed threats. In broad usage, the terms "armed forces" and "military" are often synonymous, although in technical usage a distinction is sometimes made in which a country's armed forces may include other paramilitary forces such as armed police. Beyond warfare, the military may be employed in additional sanctioned and non-sanctioned functions within the state, including internal security threats, crowd control, promotion of political agendas, emergency services and reconstructi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Labour Battalion
Labour battalions have been a form of alternative service or unfree labour in various countries in lieu of or resembling regular military service. In some cases they were the result of some kind of discriminative segregation of the population, while in some others they have been a conscious choice. Political reasons In some countries labour battalions were created from part of population which for various reasons were not suitable for regular military service, often because this population was considered "undesirable" or "unreliable", e.g., political enemies, population of occupied territories or "lower races". Examples include labour battalions in the late Ottoman Empire and early Turkish Republic both during World War I and during World War II, labour service in Hungary during World War II, labour battalions established by Francoist Spain (estimated in 700 labour units overall, excluding the approximately 300 concentration camps) during the Spanish Civil War as a form of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Farewell Anatolia
''Farewell Anatolia'' () is one of the most well-known novels of Dido Sotiriou. It is a historical fiction book set during World War I and the subsequent Greco-Turkish War. It was first published in Athens in 1962 and has been translated into several languages including English, Bulgarian, French, Turkish, Spanish, German and others. Plot The story follows Manolis Axiotis, a Greek peasant living in a village in Anatolia where Turks, Greeks and Armenians coexisted peacefully in the years prior to World War I. With Ottoman Empire's entry to the war, the protagonist is taken prisoner into the forced labour battalions '' Amele Taburları.'' After surviving the hardships of the forced labour camps and returning to his village, the Greco-Turkish War starts and with the arrival of Greek troops to Anatolia, joins the Greek army. As the Greek troops advance, Manolis perceives the senselessness of war, and its extreme violence. After the initial advance, he witnesses the collapse of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dido Sotiriou
Dido Sotiriou (née Pappa; alternative spellings: ''Dido Sotiriu'', ''Dido Sotiriyu''; Greek: Διδώ Σωτηρίου; 18 February 1909 – 23 September 2004)Born on 18 February 1911 according to other sources (Kalimerhaba, p. 808) was a Greek novelist, journalist, and playwright. Life Sotiriou was born in Aydın, in western Anatolia and at that time part of the Ottoman Empire, as the daughter of Evangelos Pappas and Marianthi Papadopoulou, in a wealthy and polyglot bourgeois Rûm family who lived in a stately home. Her childhood, Sotiriou said, appeared to her as an "endless fairy tale". She had two older and two younger siblings. After her father, an entrepreneur, went bankrupt and her family became poor, Dido, who at that time was about eight years old, was sent to her wealthy uncle and his wife in Athens, where later she was educated. Sotiriou later described this separation from her family as "my first experience as a refugee".Sotiriou, "Geschichte einer Frau", p. 581 In 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jewish Social Studies
Jewish Social Studies is a quarterly U.S. based journal. It was established in 1939, by the Conference on Jewish Relations, later known as the Conference on Jewish Social Studies. Its editor was the American philosopher Morris Raphael Cohen. In the early 1970s, Arthur Hertzberg was editor; his motto was "we are universalists and particularists", caring for all men and caring for Jews. The journal is currently published by Indiana University Press Indiana University Press, also known as IU Press, is an academic publisher founded in 1950 at Indiana University that specializes in the humanities and social sciences. Its headquarters are located in Bloomington, Indiana. IU Press publishes .... See also * Sociology of Jewry References Academic journals established in 1939 Indiana University Press academic journals Judaic studies journals English-language journals Quarterly journals Sociology of Jewry {{Judaic-journal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Twenty Classes
The incident of the Twenty Classes ( Turkish: ''Yirmi Kur'a Nafıa Askerleri'', literally: "Soldiers for Public works by drawing of twenty lots", or ''Yirmi Kur'a İhtiyatlar Olayı'', Ayşe Hür"'Türk Schindleri' efsaneleri", ''Taraf'', December 16, 2007. Oskar_Schindler.html" ;"title="Turkish Oskar Schindler">Schindler"/ref> literally: "Incident of the Reserve soldiers by drawing of twenty lots") was a conscription used by the Turkish government during World War II to conscript the male non-Muslim minority population mainly consisting of Armenians in Turkey, Armenians, Greeks in Turkey, Greeks, Assyrians in Turkey, Assyrians and History of the Jews in Turkey, Jews. The conscription began in May 1941. All of the twenty classes were drawn from male minority populations and included the elderly and mentally ill. They were given no weapons but were gathered in Aşkale Labor Camp for manufacture of military equipment, building construction, construction and care of roads. They w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
The Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922 was fought between Greece and the Turkish National Movement during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I, between 15 May 1919 and 14 October 1922. This conflict was a part of the Turkish War of Independence. The Greek campaign was launched primarily because the western Allies, particularly British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, had promised Greece territorial gains at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, recently defeated in World War I. Greek claims stemmed from the fact that Western Anatolia had been part of Ancient Greece and the Byzantine Empire before the Turks conquered the area in the 12th–15th centuries. The armed conflict started when the Greek forces landed in Smyrna (now İzmir), on 15 May 1919. They advanced inland and took control of the western and northwestern part of Anatolia, including the cities of Manisa, Balıkesir, Aydın, Kütahya, Bursa, and Eskişehir. Their advance was chec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ankara
Ankara is the capital city of Turkey and List of national capitals by area, the largest capital by area in the world. Located in the Central Anatolia Region, central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5,290,822 in its urban center (Etimesgut, Yenimahalle, Çankaya District, Çankaya, Keçiören, Altındağ, Pursaklar, Mamak, Ankara, Mamak, Gölbaşı, Ankara, Gölbaşı, Sincan, Ankara, Sincan) and 5,864,049 in Ankara Province (total of 25 districts). Ankara is Turkey's List of cities in Turkey, second-largest city by population after Istanbul, first by urban land area, and third by metro land area after Konya and Sivas. Ankara was historically known as Ancyra and Angora. Serving as the capital of the ancient Celts, Celtic state of Galatia (280–64 BC), and later of the Roman Empire, Roman province with the Galatia (Roman province), same name (25 BC–7th century), Ankara has various Hattians, Hattian, Hittites, Hittite, Lydian, Phrygian, Galatians (people ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jewish
Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly interrelated, as Judaism is their ethnic religion, though it is not practiced by all ethnic Jews. Despite this, religious Jews regard Gerim, converts to Judaism as members of the Jewish nation, pursuant to the Conversion to Judaism, long-standing conversion process. The Israelites emerged from the pre-existing Canaanite peoples to establish Kingdom of Israel (Samaria), Israel and Kingdom of Judah, Judah in the Southern Levant during the Iron Age.John Day (Old Testament scholar), John Day (2005), ''In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel'', Bloomsbury Publishing, pp. 47.5 [48] 'In this sense, the emergence of ancient Israel is viewed not as the cause of the demise of Canaanite culture but as its upshot'. Originally, J ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yaşar Paker
Yaşar may refer to: *Yaşar (name), a Turkish given name and surname, including a list of people with the name *Yaşar (singer) Murat Yaşar Günaçgün (born 5 April 1970), known by the mononym Yaşar, is a Turkish pop music artist. Life and career Murat Yaşar Günaçgün was born to Mustafa Erdal and Mukaddes Leyla Günaçgün. His family originates from Çukurova ... (born 1970), Turkish pop singer * Yaşar, Karkamış, a neighbourhood of Karkamış, Gaziantep Province, Turkey * Yaşar, Şavşat, a village in Şavşat District, Artvin Province, Turkey * Yaşar University, in Izmir, Turkey See also * Yasar (other) * Yashar (other) * Selçuk Yaşar (Tram İzmir), light-rail station on the Karşıyaka Tram line of the Tram İzmir network {{disambiguation, geo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
