Kroll Process
The Kroll process is a pyrometallurgical industrial process used to produce metallic titanium from titanium tetrachloride. As of 2001 William Justin Kroll's process replaced the Hunter process for almost all commercial production. Process In the Kroll process, titanium tetrachloride is reduced by liquid magnesium to give titanium metal: : + 2 ->[825~^\mathrm] + 2 The reduction is conducted at 800–850 °C in a stainless steel retort. Complications result from partial reduction of the TiCl4, giving to the lower chlorides Titanium(II) chloride, TiCl2 and Titanium(III) chloride, TiCl3. The magnesium chloride, MgCl2 can be further refined back to magnesium. Appurtenant processes The resulting porous metallic titanium sponge is purified by Tank leaching, leaching or vacuum distillation. The sponge is crushed, and pressed before it is melted in a consumable electrode vacuum Electric arc furnace, arc furnace, "backfilled with pure gettered argon of a pressure high enough to avoi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Pyrometallurgical
Pyrometallurgy is a branch of extractive metallurgy. It consists of the thermal treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to enable recovery of valuable metals. Pyrometallurgical treatment may produce products able to be sold such as pure metals, or intermediate compounds or alloys, suitable as feed for further processing. Examples of elements extracted by pyrometallurgical processes include the oxides of less reactive elements like iron, copper, zinc, chromium, tin, and manganese. Pyrometallurgical processes are generally grouped into one or more of the following categories: * calcining, * roasting, * smelting, * refining. Most pyrometallurgical processes require energy input to sustain the temperature at which the process takes place. The energy is usually provided in the form of combustion or from electrical heat. When sufficient material is present in the feed to sustain the proce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Anton Eduard Van Arkel
Anton Eduard van Arkel, (19 November 1893 – 14 March 1976) was a Dutch chemist. Biography In the early 1920s Van Arkel, together with Jan Hendrik de Boer, working for Philips NV, developed the Van Arkel–de Boer process for the preparation of pure titanium: the decomposition of the vapor of titanium tetrachloride on an incandescent tungsten filament. This method was later used for other metals, including zirconium and hafnium. In 1941 he published the Van Arkel–Ketelaar triangle, a diagrammatic method to depict the chemical bonds that would form between elements in the periodic table. Van Arkel suggested the names "pnictogen" and "pnictide" to refer to chemical elements in group 15 (the nitrogen group or nitrogen family) of the periodic table. In 1962 Van Arkel became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Van Arkel published at least one textbook, ''Molecules and Crystals'', in 1941 in his native language. In 1949 this work was translated to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Titanium Processes
Titanium is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Ti and atomic number 22. Found in nature only as an oxide, it can be reduced to produce a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength, resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine. Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain, by William Gregor in 1791 and was named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth after the Titan (mythology), Titans of Greek mythology. The element occurs within a number of minerals, principally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely distributed in the Earth's crust and lithosphere; it is found in almost all living things, as well as bodies of water, rocks, and soils. The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the Kroll process, Kroll and Hunter process, Hunter processes. The most common compound, titanium dioxide (TiO2), is a popular photocatalysis, photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of white pi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zirconium
Zirconium is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Zr and atomic number 40. First identified in 1789, isolated in impure form in 1824, and manufactured at scale by 1925, pure zirconium is a lustrous transition metal with a greyish-white color that closely resembles hafnium and, to a lesser extent, titanium. It is solid at room temperature, Ductility, ductile, malleable and corrosion-resistant. The name ''zirconium'' is derived from the name of the mineral zircon, the most important source of zirconium. The word is related to Persian Language, Persian ''Jargoon, zargun'' (zircon; ''zar-gun'', "gold-like" or "as gold"). Besides zircon, zirconium occurs in over 140 other minerals, including baddeleyite and eudialyte; most zirconium is produced as a byproduct of minerals mined for titanium and tin. Zirconium forms a variety of inorganic chemistry, inorganic compounds, such as zirconium dioxide, and organometallic compounds, such as zirconocene dichloride. Five isotope ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Chemical Processes
A chemical substance is a unique form of matter with constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. Chemical substances may take the form of a single element or chemical compounds. If two or more chemical substances can be combined without reacting, they may form a chemical mixture. If a mixture is separated to isolate one chemical substance to a desired degree, the resulting substance is said to be chemically pure. Chemical substances can exist in several different physical states or phases (e.g. solids, liquids, gases, or plasma) without changing their chemical composition. Substances transition between these phases of matter in response to changes in temperature or pressure. Some chemical substances can be combined or converted into new substances by means of chemical reactions. Chemicals that do not possess this ability are said to be inert. Pure water is an example of a chemical substance, with a constant composition of two hydrogen atoms bonded to a s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Industrial Processes
Industrial processes are procedures involving chemical, physical, electrical, or mechanical steps to aid in the manufacturing of an item or items, usually carried out on a very large scale. Industrial processes are the key components of heavy industry. Chemical processes by main basic material Certain chemical process yield important basic materials for society, e.g., (cement, steel, aluminum, and fertilizer). However, these chemical reactions contribute to climate change by emitting carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, through chemical reactions, as well as through the combustion of fossil fuels to generate the high temperatures needed to reach the activation energies of the chemical reactions. Cement (the paste within concrete) * Calcination – Limestone, which is largely composed of fossilized calcium carbonate (CaCO3), breaks down at high temperatures into useable calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon dioxide gas (), which gets released as a by-product. This chemical reaction, c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is a federally funded research and development centers, federally funded research and development center in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States. Founded in 1943, the laboratory is sponsored by the United States Department of Energy and administered by UT–Battelle, UT–Battelle, LLC. Established in 1943, ORNL is the largest science and energy national laboratory in the Department of Energy system by size and third largest by annual budget. It is located in the Roane County, Tennessee, Roane County section of Oak Ridge. Its scientific programs focus on materials science, materials, nuclear power, nuclear science, neutron science, energy, high-performance computing, environmental science, systems biology and national security, sometimes in partnership with the state of Tennessee, universities and other industries. ORNL has several of the world's top supercomputers, including Frontier (supercomputer), Frontier, ranked by the TOP500 as the wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Chloride Process
The chloride process is used to separate titanium from its ores. The goal of the process is to win high purity titanium dioxide from ores such as ilmenite (FeTiO3) and rutile (TiO2). The strategy exploits the volatility of TiCl4, which is readily purified and converted to the dioxide. Millions of tons of TiO2 are produced annually by this process, mainly for use as white pigments. As of 2017, the chloride process is used alongside the older sulfate process, which relies on hot sulfuric acid to extract iron and other impurities from ores. Process chemistry In this process, the feedstock is treated at 1000 °C with carbon and chlorine gas, giving titanium tetrachloride. Typical is the conversion starting from the ore ilmenite: :2 FeTiO3 + 7 Cl2 + 6 C → 2 TiCl4 + 2 FeCl3 + 6 CO The process is a variant of a carbothermic reaction, which exploits the reducing power of carbon. The titanium tetrachloride is purified by distillation. Other impurities are converted to the respectiv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Albany Research Center
The Albany Research Center, now part of National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), is a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory staffed by Federal employees and contractors located in Albany, Oregon. Founded in 1943, the laboratory initially specialized in life cycle research starting with the formulation, characterization, and/or melting of most metals, alloys, and ceramics; casting and fabrication, prototype development; and the recycle and remediation of waste streams associated with these processes. Researchers at the laboratory routinely solved industrial processing problems by investigating melting, casting, fabrication, physical and chemical analysis and wear, corrosion and performance testing of materials through the use of equipment and analytical techniques. Since joining NETL, the laboratory has switched its research focus mainly to materials and processes for fossil energy production and conversion. The facility rests on and occupies 38 buildings. History The United S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Zirconium
Zirconium is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Zr and atomic number 40. First identified in 1789, isolated in impure form in 1824, and manufactured at scale by 1925, pure zirconium is a lustrous transition metal with a greyish-white color that closely resembles hafnium and, to a lesser extent, titanium. It is solid at room temperature, Ductility, ductile, malleable and corrosion-resistant. The name ''zirconium'' is derived from the name of the mineral zircon, the most important source of zirconium. The word is related to Persian Language, Persian ''Jargoon, zargun'' (zircon; ''zar-gun'', "gold-like" or "as gold"). Besides zircon, zirconium occurs in over 140 other minerals, including baddeleyite and eudialyte; most zirconium is produced as a byproduct of minerals mined for titanium and tin. Zirconium forms a variety of inorganic chemistry, inorganic compounds, such as zirconium dioxide, and organometallic compounds, such as zirconocene dichloride. Five isotope ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Calcium
Calcium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium. It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust, and the third most abundant metal, after iron and aluminium. The most common calcium compound on Earth is calcium carbonate, found in limestone and the fossils of early sea life; gypsum, anhydrite, fluorite, and apatite are also sources of calcium. The name comes from Latin ''calx'' " lime", which was obtained from heating limestone. Some calcium compounds were known to the ancients, though their chemistry was unknown until the seventeenth century. Pure calcium was isolated in 1808 via electrolysis of its oxide by Humphry Davy, who named the element. Calcium compounds are widely used in many industries: in foods and pharmaceuticals for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luxembourg
Luxembourg, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in Western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France on the south. Its capital and most populous city, Luxembourg City, is one of the four institutional seats of the European Union and hosts several EU institutions, notably the Court of Justice of the European Union, the highest judicial authority in the EU. As part of the Low Countries, Luxembourg has close historic, political, and cultural ties to Belgium and the Netherlands. Luxembourg's culture, people, and languages are greatly influenced by France and Germany: Luxembourgish, a Germanic language, is the only recognized national language of the Luxembourgish people and of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; French is the sole language for legislation; and both languages along with German are used for administrative matters. With an area of , Luxembourg is Europe's seventh-smallest count ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |